Alveolar Tap
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Alveolar Tap
The alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is [?].
The terms tap and flap are often used interchangeably. Peter Ladefoged proposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."[1] That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap [?] and flap [?], the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap [?]) and "party" (flap [?]).
For linguists who make the distinction, the coronal tap is transcribed as [?], and the flap is transcribed as [?], which is not recognized by the IPA. Otherwise, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by native English-speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop (, , or both) or a rhotic consonant (like the alveolar trill or the alveolar approximant).
If the alveolar tap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed /r/ although that symbol technically represents the trill.
The voiced alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very brief voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
Voiced alveolar tap and flap
| Alveolar tap or flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | |||
| IPA Number | 124 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɾ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027E | ||
| X-SAMPA | 4 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
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Features
Features of the alveolar tap or flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian[2] | ? | 'zealous' | Apical; palatalized. More common than a dental trill.[2] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology | ||
| Uzbek[3] | ??/yomg'ir | [m'] | 'rain' | Denti-alveolar.[3] | |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[4] | rooi | [?o:i?] | 'red' | May be a trill instead.[4] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Egyptian[5] | | [?e?l] | 'leg' | Contrasts with emphatic form. See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
| Lebanese | | [] | 'wages' | ||
| Moroccan | |||||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [:] | 'ground' | Used predominantly. , however, is used in some dialects | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | ? | 'minute' | Contrasts with in all positions. | |
| Basque | begiratu | [be'?i?a?tu] | 'look' | Contrasts with . See Basque phonology | |
| Bulgarian | ? / reka | ['ka] | 'river' | ||
| Catalan[7] | mira | ['mi] | 'look' | Contrasts with . See Catalan phonology | |
| Danish[8][9] | Vil du med? | [?e? ?u 'me] | 'Are you coming too?' | Possible realization of intervocalic /d/ when it occurs between two unstressed vowels.[8][9] See Danish phonology | |
| English | Cockney[10] | better | ['be] | 'better' | Intervocalic allophone of /t/. In free variation with [? ~ t? ~ t?]. See Flapping |
| Australian[11] | ['be] | Intervocalic allophone of /t/, and also /d/ for some Australians. Used more often in Australia than in New Zealand. See Australian English phonology and Flapping | |||
| New Zealand[12] | ['be] | ||||
| Dublin | Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be [?] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and Flapping | ||||
| North America[13] | |||||
| Ulster | |||||
| West Country | |||||
| Irish | three | [i:] | 'three' | Conservative accents. Corresponds to [? ~ ? ~ ?] in other accents. | |
| Scottish[14] | Most speakers. Others use [? ~ r]. | ||||
| Older Received Pronunciation[15] | Allophone of /?/ | ||||
| Scouse[14] | |||||
| South African[14] | Broad speakers. Can be [? ~ r] instead | ||||
| Esperanto | esperanto | [espe'?anto] | 'person who hopes' | Allophone of /r/. See Esperanto phonology | |
| Greek[16] | ? / mirós | [mi'o?s] | 'thigh' | Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of . See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindustani | ?/? | [t] | 'meaning' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | piros | ['pi?o?] | 'red' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | caro | ['ka?o] | 'dear' | Allophone of /r/ in unstressed intervocalic syllables; may also occur in other unstressed syllables.[17] See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese | ? / kokoro | 'heart' | Apical.[18] See Japanese phonology | ||
| Korean | / yeoreum | [jm] | 'summer' | Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/ | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[19] | weuren | ['ø:n] | '(they) were' | Possible intervocalic allophone of /r/; may be uvular instead.[19] |
| M?ori | whare | [?a] | 'house' | ||
| Persian | ? | [?uz] | 'day' | ||
| Portuguese[20] | prato | ['p?atu] | 'dish' | Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with , with its guttural allophones. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | mòr | [mo:?] | 'big' | Both the lenited and non-initial broad form of r. Often transcribed simply as /r/. The initial unlenited broad form is /r?/ (also transcribed as /?/ or /R/) while the slender form is // ([ð] in some dialects). See Scottish Gaelic phonology. | |
| Slovene[21] | amarant | [ama'?a:n?t?] | 'amaranth' | Also described as trill ,[22] and variable between trill and tap [?].[23] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[24] | caro | 'expensive' | Contrasts with . See Spanish phonology | ||
| Tagalog | barya | [b'ja] | 'coin' | Once allophones with /d/. May also be pronounced as a trill [25] or an approximant . See Tagalog phonology | |
| Turkish[26] | ara | ['ä?ä] | 'interval' | Intervocalic realization of /?/.[26] See Turkish phonology | |
| Yiddish | Standard[27] | ? | [bk] | 'bridge' | Less commonly a trill ; can be uvular [ ~ ?] instead.[27] See Yiddish phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[28] | ran | [?a?] | 'to see' | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[29] | Rübe | ['?ÿ:b?] | 'beet' | Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a trill instead.[29] See Standard German phonology |
Alveolar nasal tap and flap
| Alveolar nasal tap/flap | |
|---|---|
| n? | |
| IPA Number | 124 424 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | 4~ |
Features
Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English[30] | Estuary | twenty | 'twenty' | Allophone of unstressed intervocalic /nt/ for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. See English phonology, North American English regional phonology and Flapping | |
| North American[31] | |||||
See also
Notes
- ^ Valentin-Marquez (2015)
- ^ a b Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:221)
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963:13)
- ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 117.
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:157)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:126)
- ^ Wells (1982:324-325)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
- ^ Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
- ^ Ogden (2009:114)
- ^ a b c Ogden (2009:92)
- ^ Wise (1957:?)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:15-18)
- ^ Romano, Antonio. "A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of /r/ in Italian and Italo-Romance." Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of'r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano (2011): 209-226, pp. 213-214.
- ^ Labrune (2012), p. 92.
- ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 118.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ ?u?tar?i?, Komar & Petek (1999:135)
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ^ Greenberg (2006:17 and 20)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Schachter and Reid (2008)
- ^ a b Yavuz & Balc? (2011:25)
- ^ a b Kleine (2003:263)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:53)
- ^ Kwan-Young Oh. "Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach". Retrieved .
- ^ Tomasz P. Szynalski. "Flap t FAQ". Retrieved .
References
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97-208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1-2): 53-56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341-349, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90-94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene (PDF), Kansas: University of Kansas
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261-265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
- Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Lass, Roger (1987), "Intradiphthongal Dependencies", in Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.), Explorations in Dependency Phonology, Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland, pp. 109-131, ISBN 9067652970
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255-259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107-114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2541-3
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117-124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- ?imá?ková, ?árka; Podlipský, Václav Joná?; Chládková, Kate?ina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225-232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- ?u?tar?i?, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, pp. 135-139, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002), International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed, p. 24
- Valentin-Marquez, Wilfredo (2008), "Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics", Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 1 (2): 451-454, doi:10.1515/shll-2008-1031
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351-360, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003180
- Wells, John (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, pp. 324-325, ISBN 978-0-521-28540-7
- Wise, Claude Merton (1957), Introduction to Phonetics, Englewood Cliffs
- Yavuz, Handan; Balc?, Ayla (2011), Turkish Phonology and Morphology (PDF), Eski?ehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, ISBN 978-975-06-0964-0[permanent dead link]
External links
- List of languages with [?] on PHOIBLE
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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