Food safety
Terms
Foodborne illness Good manufacturing practice (GMP) Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) Critical control point
Critical factors
FAT TOM pH Water activity (aw)
Bacterial pathogens
Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli Listeria Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Cronobacter spp
Viral pathogens
Enterovirus Hepatitis A Norovirus Rotavirus
Parasitic pathogens
Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Giardia Trichinella
v t e

Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements.^[1] The concept of food additives being "generally recognized as safe" was first described in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and all additives introduced after this time had to be evaluated by new standards.

History

On January 1, 1958, the FDA established the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, with a list of 700 food substances that were exempt from the then-new requirement that manufacturers test food additives before putting them on the market.^[2] On August 31, 1960, William W. Goodrich, assistant general counsel of the FDA, addressed the annual meeting (16 Bus. Law. 107 1960-1961) of the FFDCA. The purpose of the meeting was the forthcoming March 6, 1961, effective date of the enforcement provisions of the "Food Additives Amendment of 1958", referred to as GRAS.^[3]

GRAS designation and listing

A GRAS determination can be self-affirmed or the FDA can be notified of a determination of GRAS by qualified non-governmental experts:

1. Self-affirmed. The manufacturer of this chemical or substance had performed all necessary research, including the formation of an expert panel to review safety concerns, and is prepared to use these findings to defend its product's GRAS status.
2. FDA Response to GRAS notification.^[4] The manufacturer has performed all the aforementioned due diligence, and submitted a GRAS notification to inform the Food & Drug Administration of a determination that the use of a substance is GRAS. Following evaluation the FDA provides three possible responses: 1. FDA does not question the basis for the notifier's GRAS determination,^[4] 2. the notification does not provide a sufficient basis for GRAS determination, or 3. the FDA has, at the notifier's request, ceased to evaluate the GRAS notice.

As of June 2015^[update] (beginning in 1998), 572 ingredient or food substances have been filed with the FDA.^[4] These petitions, submitted by sponsors or manufacturers, are reviewed for the safety evidence contained in the document. FDA posts status of the review as either without further questions or the petition is withdrawn by the applicant.^[4]

For substances used in food prior to January 1, 1958, a grandfather clause allows experience based on common use in food to be used in asserting they are safe under the conditions of their intended use.

The FDA can also explicitly withdraw the GRAS classification, as it did for trans fat in 2015.^[5]

Code of Regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations, Revised as of April 1, 2010^[update],^[6] includes (CFR) title 21 170.30(b) that provides general recognition of safety through scientific procedures requires the same quantity and quality of scientific evidence as is required to obtain approval of the substance as a food additive^[7] and ordinarily is based upon published studies, which may be corroborated by unpublished studies and other data and information.

Intended use

The substance must be shown to be "generally recognized" as safe under the conditions of its intended use. For new proposals, the proponent of the exemption has the burden of providing rigorous scientific evidence that use of the substance in an edible consumer product is "generally recognized" as safe.^[4] To establish GRAS, the proponent - usually a food manufacturer, ingredient supplier, or manufacturer - must show that there is a consensus of expert opinion that the substance is safe for its intended use.^[4] For existing GRAS items, new uses should not substantially exceed historical occurrence levels of the substance in the diet. For example, hydrochloric acid is listed as GRAS, but this does not allow a manufacturer to claim that pure hydrochloric acid is fit for human consumption.

Failure to qualify

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When a use of a substance does not qualify for the GRAS exemption, that use of the substance is subject to the premarket approval mandated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In such circumstances, the FDA can take enforcement action to stop distribution of the food substance and foods containing it on the grounds that such foods are or contain an unlawful food additive.^[8]

See also

• Generally recognized as safe and effective
• Novel food
• Substantial equivalence

References

Further reading

• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1993). Everything Added to Food in the United States. Boca Raton, Florida: C.K. Smoley (c/o CRC Press, Inc.).

External links

• FDA's online database of "Everything Added to Food in the United States" (EAFUS): A Food Additive Database
• More information from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).