This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: ?; pinyin: ). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (pinyin: ). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.
Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated. Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances -- "Modi" (; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" (; "last lord"), "Houzhu" (; "last lord"), "Shaodi" (; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" (; "young lord"), "Feidi" (; "deposed emperor"), etc.; these terms are not temple names, posthumous names or regnal names.
In some cases, the regnal or era name is changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change occurs in the subsequent year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the first full year of the sovereign's reign.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) -> Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period) -> Chinese emperors family tree (early) -> Chinese emperors family tree (middle) -> Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (?, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one") and five dì (?, generally translated "emperor"), both terms denoting demigod status, their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself.
Note: These figures are considered to be legendary.
Title | Name by which most commonly known | Reign (according to tradition) | In Chinese | Other names | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huang1,4,5 / Di3 | Youchao | 3162-2962 BCE | Y?ucháo | - | ||
Huang/ Di3 | Suiren | 2962-2852 BCE | Suìrén | - | ||
Huang4 / Di3 | Fuxi | 2852-2737 BCE | Fúx? | - | ||
Huang1 / Di1 | Yan Emperor and/or Shennong | 2737-2698 BCE | Yándì | Shennong | ||
Huang5 / Di1,2 | Yellow Emperor | 2698-2598 BCE | Huángdì | Xuanyuan | ||
Di2 | Shaohao | 2597-2514 BCE | Sh?ohào | Jintian | ||
Di1,2 | Zhuanxu | 2514-2436 BCE | Zhu?nx? | Gaoyang | ||
Di1 | Emperor Ku | 2436-2366 BCE | Dìkù | Gaoxin | ||
Di1 | Emperor Zhi | 2366-2358 BCE | Dìzhì | Qingyang | ||
Di1 | Emperor Yao (of Tang) | 2356-2255 BCE | Dìyáo or Táng Yáo | / | Yiqi, Taotang and Fangxun | |
Di1 | Emperor Shun (of Yu) | 2255-2208 BCE | Dìshùn or Yú Shùn | / | Yao, Youyu and Chonghua | ? |
1 -- According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 -- According to the Chu Ci. 3 -- According to the Book of Rites. 4 -- According to the Shangshu dazhuan (?) and Baihu tongyi (?). 5 -- According to the Diwang shiji (?) |
Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name
Name by which most commonly known | Reign (according to tradition) | Regnal name1 | Other names | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yu the Great | 2150-2106 BCE | Y? | ? | - | |
Qi of Xia | 2106-2077 BCE | Q? | ? | - | |
Tai Kang | 2077-2048 BCE | K?ng | ? | Tài K?ng | |
Zhong Kang | 2048-2036 BCE | K?ng | ? | Zhòng K?ng | |
Xiang of Xia | 2036-2008 BCE | Xi?ng | ? | - | |
Interregnum (about 40 years) | |||||
Shao Kang | 1968-1946 BCE | K?ng | ? | Shào K?ng | |
Zhu of Xia | 1946-1929 BCE | Zhù | ? | - | |
Huai of Xia | 1929-1885 BCE | Huái | ? | - | |
Mang of Xia | 1885-1867 BCE | Máng | ? | - | |
Xie of Xia | 1867-1851 BCE | Xiè | ? | - | |
Bu Jiang | 1851-1792 BCE | Jiàng | ? | - | |
Jiong of Xia | 1792-1771 BCE | Ji?ng | ? | - | |
Jin of Xia | 1771-1750 BCE | J?n | ? | Yìn Ji? | |
Kong Jia | 1750-1719 BCE | K?ng Ji? | - | ||
Gao of Xia | 1719-1708 BCE | G?o | ? | - | |
Fa of Xia | 1708-1689 BCE | F? | ? | Hou Jin | |
Jie of Xia | 1689-1658 BCE | Jié | ? | L? Gu? |
Chinese convention: use "Shang" + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign (according to tradition)1 | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tang of Shang | Zi Lü | 1658-1629 BCE | Ti?n Y? | Tàizu | |||
Wai Bing | Zi Shèng | 1629-1627 BCE | Wài B?ng | - | |||
Zhong Ren | Zi Y?ng | 1627-1623 BCE | Zhòng Rén | - | |||
Tai Jia | Zi Zhì | 1623-1611 BCE | Tài Ji? | Tàiz?ng | |||
Wo Ding | Zi Xuàn | 1611-1592 BCE | Wò D?ng | - | |||
Tai Geng | Zi Biàn | 1592-1567 BCE | Tài G?ng | - | |||
Xiao Jia | Zi G?o | 1567-1550 BCE | Xi?o Ji? | - | |||
Yong Ji | Zi Zhòu | 1550-1538 BCE | Y?ng J? | - | |||
Tai Wu | Zi Mì | 1538-1463 BCE | Tài Wù | - | |||
Zhong Ding | Zi Zhu?ng | 1463-1452 BCE | Zhòng D?ng | - | |||
Wai Ren | Zi F? | 1452-1437 BCE | Wài Rén | - | |||
He Dan Jia | Zi Zh?ng | 1437-1428 BCE | Ji?n Ji? | - | |||
Zu Yi | Zi Téng | 1428-1409 BCE | Z? Y? | Zh?ngz?ng | |||
Zu Xin | Zi Dàn | 1409-1393 BCE | Z? X?n | - | |||
Wo Jia | Zi Yú | 1393-1368 BCE | Wò Ji? | - | |||
Zu Ding | Zi X?n | 1368-1336 BCE | Z? D?ng | - | |||
Nan Geng | Zi G?ng | 1336-1307 BCE | Nán G?ng | - | |||
Yang Jia | Zi Hé | 1307-1290 BCE | Yáng Ji? | - | |||
Pan Geng | Zi Xún | 1290-1262 BCE | Pán G?ng | - | |||
Xiao Xin | Zi Sòng | 1262-1259 BCE | Xi?o X?n | - | |||
Xiao Yi | Zi Li?n | 1259-1250 BCE | Xi?o Y? | - | |||
Wu Ding | Zi Zh?o | 1250-1192 BCE | W? D?ng | G?oz?ng | |||
Zu Geng | Zi Yuè | 1192-1185 BCE | Z? G?ng | - | |||
Zu Jia | Zi Zài | 1185-1158 BCE | Z? Ji? | - | |||
Lin Xin | Zi Xi?n | 1158-1152 BCE | L?n X?n | - | |||
Kang Ding | Zi Xi?o | 1152-1147 BCE | K?ng D?ng | - | |||
Wu Yi | Zi Qú | 1147-1112 BCE | W? Y? | - | |||
Wen Ding | Zi Tu? | 1112-1102 BCE | Wén D?ng3 | - | |||
Di Yi | Zi Xiàn | 1101-1076 BCE | Dì Y? | - | |||
King Zhou of Shang | Zi Shòu | 1075-1046 BCE | Di Xin | - | |||
1 -- The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 -- The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (?) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. 3 -- Also known as Tai Ding (). |
Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")
Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign1 | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Zhou () (1046-771 BCE) | |||||
King Wu of Zhou | J? F? | 1046-1043 BCE1 | King W? | ||
King Cheng of Zhou | J? Sòng | 1042-1021 BCE1 | King Chéng | ||
King Kang of Zhou | J? Zh?o | 1020-996 BCE1 | King K?ng | ||
King Zhao of Zhou | J? Xiá | 995-977 BCE1 | King Zh?o | ||
King Mu of Zhou | J? M?n | 976-922 BCE1 | King Mù | ||
King Gong of Zhou | J? Y?hù | 922-900 BCE1 | King G?ng | ||
King Yi of Zhou (Jian) | J? Ji?n | 899-892 BCE1 | King Yì | ||
King Xiao of Zhou | J? Bìf?ng | 891-886 BCE1 | King Xiào | ||
King Yi of Zhou (Xie) | J? Xiè | 885-878 BCE1 | King Yí | ||
King Li of Zhou | J? Hú | 877-841 BCE1 | King Lì | ||
Gonghe Regency () (841-827 BC) | |||||
King Xuan of Zhou | J? Jìng | 827-782 BCE | King Xu?n | ||
King You of Zhou | J? G?ngsh?ng | 781-771 BCE | King Y?u | ||
Eastern Zhou () (770-256 BCE) | |||||
Spring and Autumn period (?) (770-476 BCE) | |||||
King Ping of Zhou | J? Yijiu | 770-720 BCE | King Ping | ||
King Xie of Zhou (rival claimant) | (J? Yuchen) | (770-750 BCE) | King Xie (or Xiehui) | ?(?)? | |
King Huan of Zhou | J? Lin | 719-697 BCE | King Huan | ||
King Zhuang of Zhou | J? Tuo | 696-682 BCE | King Zhuang | ||
King Xi of Zhou | J? Huqi | 681-677 BCE | King Xi | ||
King Hui of Zhou | J? Lang | 676-652 BCE | King Hui | ||
King Xiang of Zhou | J? Zheng | 651-619 BCE | King Xiang | ||
King Qing of Zhou | J? Renchen | 618-613 BCE | King Qing | ||
King Kuang of Zhou | J? Ban | 612-607 BCE | King Kuang | ||
King Ding of Zhou | J? Yu | 606-586 BCE | King Ding | ||
King Jian of Zhou | J? Yi | 585-572 BCE | King Jian | ||
King Ling of Zhou | J? Xiexin | 571-545 BCE | King Ling | ||
King Jing of Zhou (Gui) | J? Gui | 544-521 BCE | King Jing | ||
King Dao of Zhou | J? Meng | 520 BCE | King Dao | ||
King Jing of Zhou (Gai) | J? Gai | 519-476 BCE | King Jing | ||
Warring States period (?) (475-221 BCE) | |||||
King Yuan of Zhou | J? Ren | 475-469 BCE | King Yuan | ||
King Zhending of Zhou | J? Jie | 468-442 BCE | King Zhending | ||
King Ai of Zhou | J? Quji | 441 BCE | King Ai | ||
King Si of Zhou | J? Shu | 441 BCE | King Si | ||
King Kao of Zhou | J? Wei | 440-426 BCE | King Kao | ||
King Weilie of Zhou | J? Wu | 425-402 BCE | King Weilie | ||
King An of Zhou | J? Jiao | 401-376 BCE | King An | ||
King Lie of Zhou | J? Xi | 375-369 BCE | King Lie | ||
King Xian of Zhou | J? Bian | 368-321 BCE | King Xian | ||
King Shenjing of Zhou | J? Ding | 320-315 BCE | King Shenjing | ||
King Nan of Zhou | J? Yan | 314-256 BCE | King Nan | ||
1 -- The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. |
After King Nan was deposed by Qin, Ji Jie (), Duke Wen of the vassal duchy of Eastern Zhou was proclaimed the new king of Zhou and claimed the title until his death in 249 BCE. However, the King of Qin had taken possession of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons (), and Ji Jie's reign was not widely recognized. Historians generally considered the title of Son of Heaven to be vacant from 256 to 221 BCE.
Chinese convention: use regnal name
Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty. In 325 BCE, the Duke of Qing, Ying Si (), declared himself king and was given the regnal name King Huiwen of Qin (?). In 256 BCE, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty, and in 221 BCE, Ying Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of Qin." The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Regnal name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(King Zhaoxiang of Qin)1 | Yíng Zé (Yíng Jì) | () | (306)1 (255-251 BCE) | Zhaoxiang of Qin | ? |
(King Xiaowen of Qin)1 | Yíng Zhù | (250 BCE) | Xiaowen of Qin | ? | |
(King Zhuangxiang of Qin)1 | Yíng Z?ch? | (249-247 BCE) | Zhuangxiang of Qin | ? | |
Qin Shi Huang1,2 | Yíng Zhèng | (246)2 221-210 BCE | Qin Shi Huang | ||
Qin Er Shi | Yíng Húhài | 209-207 BCE | Qin Er Shi | ||
Ziying3 | Yíng Z?y?ng | 207 BCE | Qin San Shi | ||
1 -- Zhaoxiang's reign as king of the State of Qin began in 306 BCE before the fall of Zhou. Subsequently, in the absence of a Son of Heaven, historians conventionally used Qin regnal dates to refer to the years 255 to 222 BCE.
2 -- Qin Shi Huang began his reign as king of Qin 246 BCE, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BCE. 3 -- Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (?). |
Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Liu Bang, who is known as "Han Gaozu")
Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" (?; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when they are used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Han () (202 BCE-9 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Gaozu of Han | Liu Bang | 202-195 BC | - | Emperor Gao | Taizu | |||||
Emperor Hui of Han | Liu Ying | 195-188 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | Emperor Xiaohui | ? | - | ||||
Emperor Qianshao of Han1 | Liu Gong | 188-184 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | - | - | |||||
Emperor Houshao of Han1 | Liu Hong | 184-180 BC | (Empress Lü regency)1 | - | - | |||||
Emperor Wen of Han | Liu Heng | 179-157 BC | Hòuyuán | 163-156 BCE | Emperor Xiaowen | ? | Taizong | |||
Emperor Jing of Han | Liu Qi | 156-141 BC | Zh?ngyuán | 149-143 BCE | Emperor Xiaojing | ? | - | |||
Hòuyuán | 143-141 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Wu of Han | Liu Che | 140-87 BC | Jiànyuán | 140-135 BCE | Emperor Xiaowu | ? | Shizong | |||
Yuángu?ng | 134-129 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánshuò | 128-123 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánshòu | 122-117 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánd?ng | 116-111 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánf?ng | 110-105 BCE | |||||||||
Tàich? | 104-101 BCE | |||||||||
Ti?nhàn | 100-97 BCE | |||||||||
Tàish? | 96-93 BCE | |||||||||
Zh?nghé | 92-89 BCE | |||||||||
Hòuyuán | 88-87 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Zhao of Han | Liu Fuling | 86-74 BC | Sh?yuán | 86-80 BCE | Emperor Xiaozhao | ? | ||||
Yuánfèng | 80-75 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánpíng | 74 BCE | |||||||||
Marquis of Haihun | Liu He | 74 BC | - | - | ||||||
Emperor Xuan of Han | Liu Xun | 73-49 BC | B?nsh? | 73-70 BCE | Emperor Xiaoxuan | ? | Zhongzong | |||
Dìjié | 69-66 BCE | |||||||||
Yuánk?ng | 65-61 BCE | |||||||||
Shénjué | 61-58 BCE | |||||||||
W?fèng | 57-54 BCE | |||||||||
G?nlù | 53-50 BCE | |||||||||
Huánglóng | 49 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Yuan of Han | Liu Shi | 48-33 BC | Ch?yuán | 48-44 BCE | Emperor Xiaoyuan | ? | Gaozong3 | 3 | ||
Y?nggu?ng | 43-39 BCE | |||||||||
Jiànzh?o | 38-34 BCE | |||||||||
Jìngníng | 33 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Cheng of Han | Liu Ao | 32-7 BC | Jiànsh? | 32-28 BCE | Emperor Xiaocheng | ? | Tongzong3 | 3 | ||
Hépíng | 28-25 BCE | |||||||||
Yángshuò | 24-21 BCE | |||||||||
Hóngji? | 20-17 BCE | |||||||||
Y?ngsh? | 16-13 BCE | |||||||||
Yuányán | 12-9 BCE | |||||||||
Su?hé | 8-7 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Ai of Han | Liu Xin | 6-1 BC | Jiànpíng | 6-3 BCE | Emperor Xiao'ai | ? | - | |||
Yuánshòu | 2-1 BCE | |||||||||
Emperor Ping of Han | Liu Kan | 1 BC - 5 AD | Yuánsh? | 1 BCE - 5 CE | Emperor Xiaoping | ? | Yuanzong3 | 3 | ||
Ruzi Ying2 | Liu Ying | 6-8 | Jùshè | 6 CE - Oct. 8 CE | - | - | ||||
Ch?sh? | Nov. 8 CE - Dec. 8 CE | |||||||||
Interregnum (9 CE - 23 CE) | ||||||||||
Gengshi Emperor | Liu Xuan | 23-25 | G?ngsh? | 23-25 CE | - | - | ||||
Eastern Han () (25-220 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Guangwu of Han | Liu Xiu | 25-57 | Jiànw? | 25-56 CE | Emperor Guangwu | ? | Shizu | |||
Jiànw?zh?ngyuán | ? | 56-57 CE | ||||||||
Emperor Ming of Han | Liu Zhuang | 58-75 | Y?ngpíng | 58-75 CE | Emperor Xiaoming | ? | Xianzong | |||
Emperor Zhang of Han | Liu Da | 76-88 | Jiànch? | 76-84 CE | Emperor Xiaozhang | ? | Suzong | |||
Yuánhé | 84-87 CE | |||||||||
Zh?nghé | 87-88 CE | |||||||||
Emperor He of Han | Liu Zhao | 89-105 | Y?ngyuán | 89-105 CE | Emperor Xiaohe | ? | Muzong3 | 3 | ||
Yuánx?ng | 105 CE | |||||||||
Emperor Shang of Han | Liu Long | 106 | Yánpíng | 9 months in 106 CE | Emperor Xiaoshang | ? | - | |||
Emperor An of Han | Liu Hu | 106-125 | Y?ngch? | 107-113 CE | Emperor Xiao'an | ? | Gongzong3 | 3 | ||
Yuánch? | 114-120 CE | |||||||||
Y?ngníng | 120-121 CE | |||||||||
Jiàngu?ng | 121-122 CE | |||||||||
Yángu?ng | 122-125 CE | |||||||||
Marquess of Beixiang | Liu Yi | 125 | - | - | ||||||
Emperor Shun of Han | Liu Bao | 125-144 | Y?ngjiàn | 126-132 CE | Emperor Xiaoshun | ? | Jingzong3 | 3 | ||
Yángji? | 132-135 CE | |||||||||
Y?nghé | 136-141 CE | |||||||||
Hàn'?n | 142-144 CE | |||||||||
Jiànk?ng | 144 CE | |||||||||
Emperor Chong of Han | Liu Bing | 144-145 | Y?ngx? | 145 CE | Emperor Xiaochong | ? | - | |||
Emperor Zhi of Han | Liu Zuan | 145-146 | B?nch? | 146 CE | Emperor Xiaozhi | ? | - | |||
Emperor Huan of Han | Liu Zhi | 146-168 | Jiànhé | 147-149 CE | Emperor Xiaohuan | ? | Weizong3 | 3 | ||
Hépíng | 150 CE | |||||||||
Yuánji? | 151-153 CE | |||||||||
Y?ngx?ng | 153-154 CE | |||||||||
Y?ngshòu | 155-158 CE | |||||||||
Yánx? | 158-167 CE | |||||||||
Y?ngk?ng | 167 CE | |||||||||
Emperor Ling of Han | Liu Hong | 168-189 | Jiànníng | 168-172 CE | Emperor Xiaoling | ? | - | |||
X?píng | 172-178 CE | |||||||||
Gu?nghé | 178-184 CE | |||||||||
Zh?ngpíng | 184-189 CE | |||||||||
Prince of Hongnong | Liu Bian | 189 | Gu?ngx? | 189 CE | - | - | ||||
Zhàoníng | 189 CE | |||||||||
Emperor Xian of Han | Liu Xie | 189-220 | Y?nghàn | 189 CE | Emperor Xiaoxian | ? | - | |||
Ch?píng | 190-193 CE | |||||||||
X?ngpíng | 194-195 CE | |||||||||
Jiàn'?n | 196-220 CE | |||||||||
Yánk?ng | 220 CE | |||||||||
1 -- Emperors Qianshao and Houshao reigned as children and were subsequently deposed. Their reigns were completely dominated by Empress Dowager Lü (, personal name: Lü Zhi, ), who is often listed in their place on lists of Han rulers and Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian.
2 -- Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD. 3 -- Temple name was subsequently withdrew. |
Chinese convention: use personal name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Mang | Wang Mang | 9-23 | Sh?jiànguó | 9-13 CE | - | - | ||
Ti?nf?ng | 14-19 CE | |||||||
Dìhuáng | 20-23 CE |
Chinese convention: use personal name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cao Pi | Cáo P? | Zihuan | 220-226 | Huángch? | 220-226 | Emperor Wen | ||||
Cao Rui | Cáo Ruì | Yuanzhong | 226-239 | Tàihé | 227-233 | Emperor Ming | ||||
Q?nglóng | 233-237 | |||||||||
J?ngch? | 237-239 | |||||||||
Cao Fang | Cáo F?ng | Lanqing | 239-254 | Zhèngsh? | 240-249 | Duke Li | ||||
Ji?píng | 249-254 | |||||||||
Cao Mao | Cáo Máo | Yanshi | 254-260 | Zhèngyuán | 254-256 | - | ||||
G?nlù | 256-260 | |||||||||
Cao Huan | Cáo Huàn | Jingming | 260-266 | J?ngyuán | 260-264 | Emperor Yuan | ||||
Xiánx? | 264-266 |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Bei | Liú Bèi | Xuande | 221-223 | Zh?ngw? | 221-223 | Emperor Zhaolie | ? | |||
Liu Shan | Liú Shàn | Gongsi | 223-263 | Jiànx?ng | 223-237 | Emperor Xiaohuai | ? | |||
Yánx? | 238-257 | |||||||||
J?ngyào | 258-263 | |||||||||
Yánx?ng | 263 |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Courtesy name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun Quan | S?n Quán | Zhongmou | 222-252 | Huángw? | 222-229 | Emperor Da | ||||
Huánglóng | 229-231 | |||||||||
Ji?hé | 232-238 | |||||||||
Chìw? | 238-251 | |||||||||
Tàiyuán | 251-252 | |||||||||
Shénfèng | 252 | |||||||||
Sun Liang | S?n Liàng | Ziming | 252-258 | Jiànx?ng | 252-253 | - | ||||
W?fèng | 254-256 | |||||||||
Tàipíng | 256-258 | |||||||||
Sun Xiu | S?n Xi? | Zilie | 258-264 | Y?ng?n | 258-264 | Emperor Jing | ||||
Sun Hao | S?n Hào | Yuanzong | 264-280 | Yuánx?ng | 264-265 | - | ||||
G?nlù | 265-266 | |||||||||
B?od?ng | 266-269 | |||||||||
Jiànhéng | 269-271 | |||||||||
Fènghuáng | 272-274 | |||||||||
Ti?ncè | 275-276 | |||||||||
Ti?nx? | 276 | |||||||||
Ti?njì | 277-280 |
Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name
Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" (?; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when referencing these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years |
Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) |
Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Jin () (266-316 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Wu of Jin | S?m? Yán | 266-290 | Tàish? | 266-274 | Emperor Wu | Shizu | ||||
Xiánníng | 275-280 | |||||||||
Tàik?ng | 280-289 | |||||||||
Tàix? | 290 | |||||||||
Emperor Hui of Jin | S?m? Zh?ng | 290-306 | Y?ngx? | 290 | Emperor Xiaohui | ? | - | |||
Y?ngp?ng | 291 | |||||||||
Yuánk?ng | 291-299 | |||||||||
Y?ngk?ng | 300-301 | |||||||||
Y?ngníng | 301-302 | |||||||||
Tài?n | 302-303 | |||||||||
Y?ng?n | 304 | |||||||||
Jiànw? | 304 | |||||||||
Y?ng?n | 304 | |||||||||
Y?ngx?ng | 304-306 | |||||||||
Gu?ngx? | 306 | |||||||||
Emperor Huai of Jin | S?m? Chì | 307-313 | Y?ngji? | 307-313 | Emperor Xiaohuai | ? | - | |||
Emperor Min of Jin | S?m? Yè | 313-317 | Jiànx?ng | 313-317 | Emperor Xiaomin | ? | - | |||
Eastern Jin () (317-420 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Yuan of Jin | S?m? Ruì | 317-322 | Jiànw? | 317-318 | Emperor Yuan | Zh?ngz?ng | ||||
Dàx?ng | 318-321 | |||||||||
Y?ngch?ng | 321-322 | |||||||||
Emperor Míng of Jin | S?m? Shào | 322-325 | Y?ngch?ng | 322-323 | Emperor Ming | Suzu | ||||
Tàiníng | 323-325 | |||||||||
Emperor Cheng of Jin | S?m? Y?n | 325-342 | Tàiníng | 325 | Emperor Cheng | Xianzong | ||||
Xiánhé | 326-334 | |||||||||
Xiánk?ng | 335-342 | |||||||||
Emperor Kang of Jin | S?m? Yuè | 342-344 | Jiànyuán | 343-344 | Emperor Kang | - | ||||
Emperor Mu of Jin | Sima D?n | 345-361 | Y?nghé | 345-356 | Emperor Mu | Xianzong | ||||
Sh?ngpíng | 357-361 | |||||||||
Emperor Ai of Jin | S?m? P? | 361-365 | Lónghé | 362-363 | Emperor Ai | - | ||||
X?ngníng | 363-365 | |||||||||
Emperor Fei of Jin | S?m? Yì | 365-371 | Tàihé | 365-371 | - | - | ||||
Emperor Jianwen of Jin | S?m? Yù | 371-372 | Xián?n | 371-372 | Emperor Jianwen | ? | Taizong | |||
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin | S?m? Yào | 372-396 | Níngk?ng | 373-375 | Emperor Xiaowu | ? | Lièz?ng | |||
Tàiyuán | 376-396 | |||||||||
Emperor An of Jin | S?m? Déz?ng | ? | 396-418 | Lóng?n | 397-401 | Emperor An | - | |||
Yuánx?ng | 402-404 | |||||||||
Yìx? | 405-418 | |||||||||
Emperor Gong of Jin | S?m? Déwén | ? | 419-420 | Yuánx? | 419-420 | Emperor Gong | - |
Chinese convention: use personal name
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (?) and Qian (Former) Zhao ()
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Han () (304-318 CE) | |||||||||
Liu Yuan | 304-310 | Jiànx?ng | 304-307 | Emperor Guangwen | ? | Gao Zu | |||
Y?ngfèng | 308 | ||||||||
Héruì | 309 | ||||||||
Gu?ngx?ng | 310 | ||||||||
Liu He | 7 days in 310 | - | - | ||||||
Liu Cong | 310-318 | Emperor Zhaowu | ? | Lie Zong | |||||
Ji?píng | 311-315 | ||||||||
Jiànyuán | 316 | ||||||||
Línji? | 317-318 | ||||||||
Liu Can | a month and some days in 318 | Hànch?ng (until renaming as Former Zhao) | 318 | Emperor Yin | - | ||||
Former Zhao () (318-329 CE) | |||||||||
Liu Yao | 318-329 | Gu?ngch? (until conquest by Later Zhao) | 318-329 | - | - |
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (?) and Han (?)
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheng (?) (304-338 CE) | |||||||||
Li Te | 303 | Jiànch?
or J?ngch? |
or
|
303 | Emperor Jing | Sh?zu or Shìzu |
or
| ||
Li Liu | several months in 303 | Prince Wen of Qin | - | ||||||
Li Xiong | 303-334 | Emperor Wu | Taizong | ||||||
Jiànx?ng | 304-305 | ||||||||
Yànp?ng | 306-310 | ||||||||
Yùhéng | 311-334 | ||||||||
Li Ban | 7 months in 334 | Emperor Ai | - | ||||||
Li Qi | 334-338 | Hànx?ng | 337-338 | Duke You | - | ||||
Han (?) (338-347 CE) | |||||||||
Li Shou | 338-343 | Hànx?ng () 338-343 (continuation) | 338-343 (continuation) | Emperor Zhaowen | ? | Zhongzong | |||
Li Shi | 343-347 | Tàihé | 344-345 | - | - | ||||
Ji?níng | 346-347 (until conquest by Eastern Jin) |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Le | 319-333 | Prince Zhao | 319-327 | Emperor Ming | Gaozu | ||||
Tàihé | 328-329 | ||||||||
Jiànpíng | 330-332 | ||||||||
Yánx? | 333 | ||||||||
Shi Hong | 333-334 | Yánx? | 333 | - | - | ||||
Jiànw? | 334 | ||||||||
Shi Hu | 334-349 | Jiànw? | 335-348 | Emperor Wu | Taizu | ||||
Taìníng | 349 | ||||||||
Shi Shi | 73 days in 349 | - | - | ||||||
Shi Zun | 183 days in 349 | - | - | ||||||
Shi Jian | 103 days within 349-350 | Q?nglóng | (changed mid-year) | - | - | ||||
Shi Zhi | 350-351 | Y?ngníng | 350-351 (until Ran Min's coup) | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang Mao | 320-324 | Jianxing | 320-354 | Prince Cheng | - | ||||
Zhang Jun | 324-346 | Prince Wen | - | ||||||
Zhang Chonghua | 346-353 | Prince Huan | - | ||||||
Zhang Yaoling | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Duke Ai | - | ||||||
Zhang Zuo | 353-355 | Prince Wei | - | ||||||
Heping | 354-355 | ||||||||
Zhang Xuanjing | 355-363 | Jianxing | 355-361 | Duke Jingdao or Prince Chong |
or
|
- | |||
Shengping | 361-376 | ||||||||
Zhang Tianxi | 364-376 | Duke Dao | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Huang | 337-348 | Yànwáng | 337-348 | Emperor Wenming | ? | Taizu | |||
Murong Jun | 348-360 | Yànyuán | 349-351 | Emperor Jingzhao | ? | Liezong | |||
Yuánx? | 352-357 | ||||||||
Sh?ngpíng | 357 (as vassal of Jin) | ||||||||
Gu?ngshòu | 357-359 | ||||||||
Murong Wei | 360-370 | Jiànx? | 359-365 | Emperor You | - | ||||
Jiànyuán | 366-370 |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fu Jian | 351-355 | Huangshi | 351-355 | Emperor Jingming | ? | Gaozu | |||
Fu Sheng | 355-357 | Shouguang | 355-357 | Prince Li | - | ||||
Fu Jian | 357-385 | Yongxing | 357-359 | Emperor Xuanzhao | ? | Shizu | |||
Ganlu | 359-364 | ||||||||
Jianyuan | 365-385 | ||||||||
Fu Pi | 385-386 | Taian | 385-386 | Emperor Aiping | ? | - | |||
Fu Deng | 386-394 | Taichu | 385-394 | Emperor Gao | Taizong | ||||
Fu Chong | several months in 394 | Yanchu | 394 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Chui | 384-396 | Yànwáng | 384-385 | Emperor Chengwu | ? | Shizu | |||
Jianxing | 386-396 | ||||||||
Murong Bao | 396-398 | Yongkang | 396-398 | Emperor Huimin | ? | Liezong | |||
Murong Sheng | 398-401 | Jianping | 398 | Emperor Zhaowu | ? | Zhongzong | |||
Changle | 399-401 | ||||||||
Murong Xi | 401-407 | Guangshi | 401-406 | Emperor Zhaowen | ? | - | |||
Jianshi | 407 |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yao Chang | 384-393 | Baique | 384-386 | Emperor Wuzhao | ? | Taizu | |||
Jianchu | 386-393 | ||||||||
Yao Xing | 394-416 | Huangchu | 394-399 | Emperor Wenhuan | ? | Gaozu | |||
Hongshi | 399-416 | ||||||||
Yao Hong | 416-417 | Yonghe | 416-417 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qifu Guoren | ? | 385-388 | Jianyi | 385-388 | Prince Xuanlie | Liezu | |||
Qifu Qiangui | ? | 388-400 | Taichu | 388-400 | Prince Wuyuan | Gaozu | |||
409-412 | Gengshi | 409-412 | |||||||
Qifu Chipan | ? | 412-428 | Yongkang | 412-419 | Prince Wenzhao | Taizu | |||
Jianhong | 420-428 | ||||||||
Qifu Mumo | ? | 428-431 | Yonghong | 428-431 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lü Guang | 386-399 | Taian | 386-389 | Emperor Yiwu | ? | Taizu | |||
Linjia | 389-396 | ||||||||
Longfei | 396-399 | ||||||||
Lü Shao | 399 | Prince Yin | - | ||||||
Lü Zuan | 399-401 | Xianning | 399-401 | Emperor Ling | - | ||||
Lü Long | 401-403 | Shending | 401-403 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tufa Wugu | ? | 397-399 | Taichu | 397-399 | Prince Wu | Liezu | |||
Tufa Lilugu | 399-402 | Jianhe | 399-402 | Prince Kang | - | ||||
Tufa Rutan | ? | 402-414 | Hongchang | 402-404 | Prince J?ng | - | |||
Jiaping | ) | 409-414 |
Note: The Northern Liang was re-established at Gaochang in 442 CE.
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duan Ye | 397-401 | Shenxi | 397-399 | - | - | ||||
Tianxi | 399-401 | ||||||||
Juqu Mengxun | ? | 401-433 | Yongan | 401-412 | Prince Wuxuan | Taizu | |||
Xuanshi | 412-428 | ||||||||
Chengxuan | 428-430 | ||||||||
Yihe | 430-433 | ||||||||
Juqu Mujian | ? | 433-439 | Yonghe | 433-439 | Prince Ai | - | |||
Juqu Wuhui | ? | 442-444 | Chengping | 442-443 | - | - | |||
Qianshou | 443-444 | ||||||||
Juqu Anzhou | ? | 444-460 | Chengping | 444-460 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong De | 398-405 | Yanwang | 398-400 | Emperor Xianwu | ? | Shizong | |||
Jianping | 400-405 | ||||||||
Murong Chao | 405-410 | Taishang | 405-410 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Gao | 400-417 | Gengzi | 400-405 | Prince Wuzhao | Taizu | ||||
Jianchu | 406-416 | ||||||||
Li Xin | 417-420 | Jiaxing | 417-420 | - | - | ||||
Li Xun | 420-421 | Yongjian | 420-421 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Helian Bobo | ? | 407-425 | Longsheng | 407-413 | Emperor Wulie | ? | Shizu | ||
Fengxiang | 413-418 | ||||||||
Changwu | 418-419 | ||||||||
Zhenxing | 419-425 | ||||||||
Helian Chang | 425-428 | Chengguang | 425-428 | - | - | ||||
Helian Ding | 428-431 | Shengguang | 425-428 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gao Yun | / | 407-409 | Zhengshi | 407-409 | Emperor Huiyi | ? | - | ||
Feng Ba | 409-430 | Taiping | 409-430 | Emperor Wencheng | ? | Taizu | |||
Feng Hong | 430-436 | Daxing | 430-436 | Emperor Zhaocheng | ? | - |
Convention: use personal name
Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ran Min | 350-352 | Yongxing | 350-352 | Heavenly King Wudao or Emperor Ping |
? or |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murong Hong | 384 | Yanxing | 384-385 | Emperor Liewen | ? | ||
Murong Chong | 384-386 | ||||||
Gengshi | 385-386 | Emperor Wei | |||||
Duan Sui | 386 | Changping | 386 | - | |||
Murong Yi | 386 | Jianming | 386 | - | |||
Murong Yao | 386 | Jianping | 386 | - | |||
Murong Zhong | 386 | Jianwu | 386 | - | |||
Murong Yong | 386-394 | Zhongxing | 386-394 | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qiao Zong | 405-413 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Qubei | mid-3rd century | - | - | ||||
Liu Gaoshengyuan | ? | mid-3rd century - late 3rd century | - | - | |||
Liu Hu | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | - | - | ||||
Liu Wuheng | 341-356 | - | - | ||||
Liu Eloutou | ? | 356-358 | - | - | |||
Liu Xiwuqi | ? | 358-359 | - | - | |||
Liu Weichen | 359-391 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuwen Mohuai | ? | late 3rd century - 293 | - | - | |||
Yuwen Puhui or Yuwen Pubo |
?
or ? |
293 - late 3rd century | - | - | |||
Yuwen Qiubuqin | late 3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yuwen Mogui | ? | late 3rd century (299?) - early 4th century (302?) | - | - | |||
Yuwen Xiduguan | early 3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yuwen Qidegui | early 3rd century - 333 | - | - | ||||
Yuwen Yidougui | 333-345 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duan Wuwuchen | ? | 303 - 310 or 311 | - | - | |||
Duan Jilujuan | ? | 310 or 311 - 318 | - | - | |||
Duan Shefuchen | ? | 318 | - | - | |||
Duan Pidi | 318-321 | - | - | ||||
Duan Mopei | 318-325 | - | - | ||||
Duan Ya | 325 | - | - | ||||
Duan Liao | 326-338 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Former Chouchi () (296-371 CE) | |||||||
Yang Teng | late 2nd century - early 3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yang Ju | early 3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yang Qianwan | early 3rd century - mid-3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yang Feilong | mid-3rd century - late 3rd century | - | - | ||||
Yang Maosou | late 3rd century - 317 | - | - | ||||
Yang Nandi | 317-334 | - | - | ||||
Yang Yi | 334-337 | - | - | ||||
Yang Chu | 337-355 | - | - | ||||
Yang Guo | 355-356 | - | - | ||||
Yang Jun | 356-360 | - | - | ||||
Yang Shi | 360-370 | - | - | ||||
Yang Cuan | 370-371 | - | - | ||||
Later Chouchi () (385-473 CE) | |||||||
Yang Ding | 385-394 | - | King W? | ||||
Yang Sheng | 394-425 | - | King Huìwén | ||||
Yang Xuan | 425-429 | - | King Xiàozh?o | ||||
Yang Baozong | 429 and 443 | - | - | ||||
Yang Nandang | 429-441 | Jianyi | 436-440 | - | |||
Yang Baochi | 442-443 | - | - | ||||
Yang Wende | 443-454 | - | - | ||||
Yang Yuanhe | 455-466 | - | - | ||||
Yang Sengsi | 466-473 | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Wendu | 473-477 | - | - | ||
Yang Wenhong | 477-482 | - | - | ||
Yang Houqi | 482-486 | - | - | ||
Yang Jishi | 482-503 | - | King An | ||
Yang Shaoxian | 503-506, 534-535 | - | - | ||
Yang Zhihui1 | 535-545 | - | - | ||
Yang Bixie1 | 545-553 | - | - | ||
1 -- Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person. |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Guangxiang | 477-483? | - | - | ||||
Yang Jiong | 483-495 | - | - | ||||
Yang Chongzu | 495-before 502 | - | - | ||||
Yang Mengsun | before 502-511 | - | - | ||||
Yang Ding | 511- ? | - | - |
Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuoba Liwei3 | ? | 219-277 | - | Emperor Shényuán | ? | ||
Tuoba Xilu | ? | 277-286 | - | Emperor Zh?ng | |||
Tuoba Chuo | 286-293 | - | Emperor Píng | ||||
Tuoba Fu | 293-294 | - | Emperor S? | ||||
Tuoba Luguan | ? | 294-307 | - | Emperor Zh?o | |||
Tuoba Yituo | ? | 295-305 | - | Emperor Huán | |||
Tuoba Yilu | ? | 295-316 | - | Emperor Mù | |||
Tuoba Liugen | ? | 316 | - | - | |||
Tuoba Pugen | ? | 316 | - | - | |||
Tuoba Shisheng | ? | 316 | - | - | |||
Tuoba Yulü | ? | 316-321 | - | Emperor Píngwén | ? | ||
Tuoba Heru | ? | 321-325 | - | Emperor Huì | |||
Tuoba Hena | ? | 325-329 and 335-337 | - | Emperor Yáng | |||
Tuoba Yihuai | ? | 329-335 and 337-338 | - | Emperor Liè | |||
Tuoba Shiyijian | 338-376 | Jianguo | 338-376 | Emperor Zh?ochéng | ? | ||
1 -- All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) (?) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
2 -- The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. 3 -- Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu (). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name |
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei | Tuoba Gui | 386-409 | Dengguo | 386-396 | Emperor Daowu | ? | ||
Huangsh | 396-398 | |||||||
Tianxing | 398-404 | |||||||
Tianci | 404-409 | |||||||
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei | Tuoba Si | 409-423 | Yongxing | 409-413 | Emperor Mingyuan | ? | ||
Shenrui | 414-416 | |||||||
Taichang | 416-423 | |||||||
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei | Tuoba Tao | 424-452 | Shiguang | 424-428 | Emperor Taiwu | ? | ||
Shenjia | 428-431 | |||||||
Yanhe | 432-434 | |||||||
Taiyan | 435-440 | |||||||
Taipingzhenjun | ? | 440-451 | ||||||
Zhengping | 451-452 | |||||||
Tuoba Yu | Tuoba Yu | 452 | Chengping | 452 | Prince Yin | |||
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei | Tuoba Jun | 452-465 | Xingan | 452-454 | Emperor Wencheng | ? | ||
Xingguang | 454-455 | |||||||
Tai'an | 455-459 | |||||||
Heping | 460-465 | |||||||
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei | Tuoba Hong | 466-471 | Tian'an | 466-467 | Emperor Xianwen | ? | ||
Huangxing | 467-471 | |||||||
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei | Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba Hong) | () | 471-499 | Yanxing | 471-476 | Emperor Xiaowen | ? | |
Chengming | 476 | |||||||
Taihe | 477-499 | |||||||
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei | Yuan Ke | 499-515 | Jingming | 500-503 | Emperor Xuanwu | ? | ||
Zhengshi | 504-508 | |||||||
Yongping | 508-512 | |||||||
Yanchang | 512-515 | |||||||
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei | Yuan Xu | 516-528 | Xiping | 516-518 | Emperor Xiaoming | ? | ||
Shengui | 518-520 | |||||||
Zhengguang | 520-525 | |||||||
Xiaochang | 525-527 | |||||||
Wutai | 528 | |||||||
Yuan Zhao | Yuan Zhao | 528 | - | - | ||||
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei | Yuan Ziyou | 528-530 | Jianyi | 528 | Emperor Xiaozhuang | ? | ||
Yong'an | 528-530 | |||||||
Yuan Ye | Yuan Ye | 530-531 | Jianming () 530-531 | 530-531 | - | |||
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei | Yuan Gong | 531-532 | Putai () 531-532 | 531-532 | Emperor Jiemin | ? | ||
Yuan Lang | Yuan Lang | 531-532 | Zhongxing () 531-532 | 531-532 | - | |||
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei | Yuan Xiu | 532-535 | Taichang | 532 | Emperor Xiaowu | ? | ||
Yongxing | 532 | |||||||
Yongxi | 532-535 | |||||||
1 - The Tuoba family changed their family name to ? (yuán) during the reign of the Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well. |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei | Yuan Shanjian | 534-550 | Tianping | 534-537 | Emperor Xiaojing | ? | ||
Yuanxiang | 538-539 | |||||||
Xinghe | 539-542 | |||||||
Wuding | 543-550 |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wen of Western Wei | Yuan Baoju | 535-551 | Datong | 535-551 | Emperor Wen | |||
Emperor Fei of Western Wei | Yuan Qin | 552-554 | - | - | ||||
Emperor Gong of Western Wei | Tuoba Kuo | 554-557 | - | Emperor Gong |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reigns | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi | Gao Yang | 550-559 | Tianbao | 550-559 | Emperor Wenxuan | ? | ||
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi | Gao Yin | 559-560 | Qianming | 560 | - | |||
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi | Gao Yan | 560-561 | Huangjian | 560-561 | Emperor Xiaozhao | ? | ||
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi | Gao Zhan | 561-565 | Taining | 561-562 | Emperor Wucheng | ? | ||
Heqing | 562-565 | |||||||
Gao Wei | Gao Wei | 565-577 | Tiantong | 565-569 | - | |||
Wuping | 570-576 | |||||||
Longhua | 576 | |||||||
Gao Heng | Gao Heng | 577 | Chengguang | 577 | - | |||
Gao Shaoyi | Gao Shaoyi | 577-579? | - | - |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reigns | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Jue | 557 | - | Emperor Xiaomin | ? | |||
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yu | 557-560 | Wucheng | 559-560 | Emperor Ming or Emperor Xiaoming |
or ? | ||
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yong | 561-578 | Baoding | 560-565 | Emperor Wu | |||
Tianhe | 566-572 | |||||||
Jiande | 572-578 | |||||||
Xuanzheng | 578 | |||||||
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Yun | 578-579 | Dacheng | 579 | Emperor Xuan | |||
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou | Yuwen Chan | 579-581 | Daxiang | 579-581 | Emperor Jing | |||
Dading | 581 |
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 420-422 | Yongchu | 420-422 | Emperor Wu | |||
Emperor Shao of Liu Song | Liu Yifu | 423-424 | Jingping | 423-424 | - | |||
Emperor Wen of Liu Song | Liu Yilong | 424-453 | Yuanjia | 424-453 | Emperor Wen | |||
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song | Liu Jun | 454-464 | Xiaojian | 454-456 | Emperor Xiaowu | ? | ||
Daming | 457-464 | |||||||
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song | Liu Ziye | 465 | Yongguang | 465 | - | |||
Jinghe | 465 | |||||||
Emperor Ming of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 465-472 | Taishi | 465-471 | Emperor Ming |
|||
Taiyu | 472 | |||||||
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song | Liu Yu | 473-477 | Yuanhui | 473-477 | Prince Cangwu | |||
Emperor Shun of Liu Song | Liu Zhun | 477-479 | Shengming | 477-479 | Emperor Shun |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi | Xiao Daocheng | 479-482 | Jianyuan | 479-482 | Emperor Gao | |||
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi | Xiao Ze | 482-493 | Yongming | 483-493 | Emperor Wu | |||
Xiao Zhaoye | Xiao Zhaoye | 493-494 | Longchang | 494 | - | |||
Xiao Zhaowen | Xiao Zhaowen | 494 | Yanxing | 494 | Prince Gong | |||
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi | Xiao Luan | 494-498 | Jianwu | 494-498 | Emperor Ming | |||
Yongtai | 498 | |||||||
Xiao Baojuan | Xiao Baojuan | 499-501 | Yongyuan | 499-501 | Marquess Yang | |||
Emperor He of Southern Qi | Xiao Baorong | 501-502 | Zhongxing | 501-502 | Emperor He |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Liang | Xiao Yan | 502-549 | Tianjian | 502-519 | Emperor Wu | |||
Putong | 520-527 | |||||||
Datong | 527-529 | |||||||
Zhongdatong | 529-534 | |||||||
Datong | 535-546 | |||||||
Zhongdatong | 546-547 | |||||||
Taiqing | 547-549 | |||||||
Emperor Jianwen of Liang | Xiao Gang | 549-551 | Dabao | 550-551 | Emperor Jianwen | ? | ||
Xiao Dong | Xiao Dong | 551-552 | Tianzheng | 551-552 | - | |||
Emperor Yuan of Liang | Xiao Yi | 552-555 | Chengsheng | 552-555 | Emperor Xiaoyuan | ? | ||
Xiao Yuanming | Xiao Yuanming | 555 | Tiancheng | 555 | Emperor Min | |||
Emperor Jing of Liang | Xiao Fangzhi | 555-557 | Shaotai | 555-556 | Emperor Jing | |||
Taiping | 556-557 | |||||||
Western Liang () (555-587 CE) | ||||||||
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang | Xiao Cha | 555-562 | Dading | 555-562 | Emperor Xuan | |||
Emperor Ming of Western Liang | Xiao Kui | 562-585 | Tianbao | 562-585 | Emperor Xiaoming | ? | ||
Emperor Jing of Western Liang | Xiao Cong | 585-587 | Guangyun | 562-585 | Emperor Xiaojing | ? |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wu of Chen | Chen Baxian | 557-559 | Yongding | 557-559 | Emperor Wu | |||
Emperor Wen of Chen | Chen Qian | 559-566 | Tianjia | 560-566 | Emperor Wen | |||
Tiankang | 566 | |||||||
Emperor Fei of Chen | Chen Bozong | 566-568 | Guangda | 566-568 | - | |||
Emperor Xuan of Chen | Chen Xu | 569-582 | Taijian | 569-582 | Emperor Xiaoxuan | ? | ||
Chen Shubao | Chen Shubao | 583-589 | Zhide | 583-586 | - | |||
Zhenming | 587-589 |
Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and the corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Wen of Sui | Yáng Ji?n | 581-604 | K?ihuáng | 581-600 | Emperor Wen | |||
Rénshòu | 601-604 | |||||||
Emperor Yang of Sui | Yáng Gu?ng | 605-617 | Dàyè | 605-617 | Emperor Yang | |||
Yang You1 | Yáng Yòu | 617-618 | Yìníng | 617-618 | Emperor Gong | |||
Yang Hao2 | Yáng Hào | 618 | Huángtài | 618-619 | - | |||
Yang Tong3 | Yáng Tóng | 618-619 | Emperor Gong | |||||
1 -- Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. 2 -- Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (?) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. 3 -- After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed. |
Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong () is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty ())
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and the corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Gaozu of Tang | L? Yu?n | 618-626 | Wude | 618-626 | Emperor Shenyao Dasheng Daguang Xiao | Gaozu | ||||
Emperor Taizong of Tang | L? Shìmín | 627-649 | Zhenguan | 627-649 | Emperor Wenwu Dasheng Daguang Xiao | Taizong | ||||
Emperor Gaozong of Tang | L? Zhì | 650-683 | Yonghui | 650-655 | Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng Dahong Xiao | Gaozong | ||||
Xianqing | 656-661 | |||||||||
Longshuo | 661-663 | |||||||||
Linde | 664-665 | |||||||||
Qianfeng | 666-668 | |||||||||
Zongzhang | 668-670 | |||||||||
Xianheng | 670-674 | |||||||||
Shangyuan | 674-676 | |||||||||
Yifeng | 676-679 | |||||||||
Tiaolu | 679-680 | |||||||||
Yonglong | 680-681 | |||||||||
Kaiyao | 681-682 | |||||||||
Yongchun | 682-683 | |||||||||
Hongdao | 683 | |||||||||
Emperor Zhongzong of China | Li Xian
or Li Zhe |
or
|
684
and 705-710 |
Sisheng | 684 | Emperor Dahe Dasheng Dazhao Xiao | Zhongzong | |||
Shenlong | 705-707 | |||||||||
Jinglong | 707-710 | |||||||||
Emperor Ruizong of Tang | Li Dan | 684-690
and 710-712 |
Wenming | 684-690 | Emperor Xuanzhen Dasheng Daxing Xiao | Ruizong | ||||
Jingyun | 710-711 | |||||||||
Taiji | 712 | |||||||||
Yanhe | 712 | |||||||||
Interregnum (690-705) | ||||||||||
Emperor Shang of Tang | Li Chongmao | 710 | Tanglong | 710 | Emperor Shang | - | ||||
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang | Li Longji | 712-756 | Xiantian | 712-713 | Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao | Xuanzong | ||||
Kaiyuan | 713-741 | |||||||||
Tianbao | 742-756 | |||||||||
Emperor Suzong of Tang | Li Heng | 756-762 | Jide | 756-758 | Emperor Wenming Wude Dasheng Daxuan Xiao | Suzong | ||||
Qianyuan | 758-760 | |||||||||
Shangyuan | 760-761 | |||||||||
Emperor Daizong of Tang | Li Yu | 762-779 | Baoying | 762-763 | Emperor Ruiwen Xiaowu | Daizong | ||||
Guangde | 763-764 | |||||||||
Yongtai | 765-766 | |||||||||
Dali | 766-779 | |||||||||
Emperor Dezong of Tang | Li Gua | 780-805 | Jianzhong | 780-783 | Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen | Dezong | ||||
Xingyuan | 784 | |||||||||
Zhenyuan | 785-805 | |||||||||
Emperor Shunzong of Tang | Li Song | 805 | Yongzhen | 805 | Emperor Zhide Hongdao Dasheng Da'an Xiao | Shunzong | ||||
Emperor Xianzong of Tang | Li Chun | 806-820 | Yuanhe | 806-820 | Emperor Zhaowen Zhangwu Dasheng Zhishen Xiao | Xianzong | ||||
Emperor Muzong of Tang | Li Heng | 821-824 | Changqing | 821-824 | Emperor Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao | ? | Muzong | |||
Emperor Jingzong of Tang | Li Zhan | 824-826 | Baoli | 824-826 | Emperor Ruiwu Zhaomin Xiao | ? | Jingzong | |||
Emperor Wenzong of Tang | Li Ang | 826-840 | Emperor Yuansheng Zhaoxian Xiao | ? | Wenzong | |||||
Dahe
or Taihe |
or
|
827-835 | ||||||||
Kaicheng | 836-840 | |||||||||
Emperor Wuzong of Tang | Li Yan | 840-846 | Huichang | 841-846 | Emperor Zhidao Zhaosu Xiao | ? | Wuzong | |||
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang | Li Chen | 846-859 | Dachong | 847-859 | Emperor Yuansheng Zhiming Chengwu Xianwen Ruizhi Zhangren Shencong Yidao Daxiao | Xuanzong | ||||
Emperor Yizong of Tang | Li Cui | 859-873 | Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao | ? | Yizong | |||||
Xiantong | 860-874 | |||||||||
Emperor Xizong of Tang | Li Xuan | 873-888 | Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao | ? | Xizong | |||||
Qianfu | 874-879 | |||||||||
Guangming | 880-881 | |||||||||
Zhonghe | 881-885 | |||||||||
Guangqi | 885-888 | |||||||||
Wende | 888 | |||||||||
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang | Li Ye | 888-904 | Longji | 889 | Emperor Shengmu Jingwen Xiao | ? | Zhaozong | |||
Dashun | 890-891 | |||||||||
Jingfu | 892-893 | |||||||||
Qianning | 894-898 | |||||||||
Guanghua | 898-901 | |||||||||
Tianfu | 901-904 | |||||||||
Tianyou | 904 | |||||||||
Emperor Ai of Tang | Li Zhu | 904-907 | Tianyou | 904-907 | Emperor Ai or Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao |
or ? |
Jingzong |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Regnal name (Zun Hao ) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wu Zetian | W? Zhào | 690-705 | Tianshou | 690-692 | Empress Regnant Tiance Jinlun Shengshen | Empress Consort Zetian Shunsheng1 | 1 | - | ||||
Ruyi | 692 | |||||||||||
Changshou | 692-694 | |||||||||||
Yanzai | 694 | |||||||||||
Zhengsheng | 695 | |||||||||||
Tiancewansui | ? | 695-696 | ||||||||||
Wansuidengfeng | ? | 696 | ||||||||||
Wansuitongtian | ? | 696-697 | ||||||||||
Shengong | 697 | |||||||||||
Shengli | 698-700 | |||||||||||
Jiushi | 700 | |||||||||||
Dazu | 701 | |||||||||||
Chang'an | 701-705 | |||||||||||
1 -- While Wu Zetian was empress regnant from 690 to 705, she was posthumously honored as empress consort of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang. |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huang Chao | Huang Chao | 881-884 | Wángbà | 878-880 | - | ||
J?nt?ng | 881-884 |
Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zh? W?n | 907-912 | Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng Xiao | ? | Ka?píng | 907-911 | Taizu | |||
Qiánhuà | 911-912 | ||||||||
Zhu Yougui | 912-913 | - | Qiánhuà | 912-913 | - | ||||
Fengli | 913 | ||||||||
Zh? Zhèn | 913-923 | - | Qiánhuà | 913-915 | - | ||||
Zh?nmíng | 915-921 | ||||||||
Lóngdé | 921-923 |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L? Cúnxù | 923-926 | Emperor Guangsheng Shenmin Xiao | ? | Tongguang | 923-926 | Zhuangzong | |||
L? Sìyuán
or L? D?n |
or
|
926-933 | Emperor Shengde Hewu Qinxiao | Tiancheng | 926-930 | Mingzong | |||
Changxing | 930-933 | ||||||||
L? Cónghòu | 933-934 | Emperor Min | Yingshun | 933-934 | - | ||||
L? Cóngk? | 934-937 | - | Qingtai | 934-936 | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shi Jingtang | 936-942 | Emperor Shengwen Zhangwu Mingde Xiao | Tianfu | 936-944 | Gaozu | ||||
Shi Chonggui | 942-947 | Emperor Chu | - | ||||||
Kaiyun | 944-947 |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Zhiyuan | 947-948 | Emperor Ruiwen Shengwu Zhaosu Xiao | Tianfu | 947 | Gaozu | ||||
Liu Chengyou | 948-951 | Emperor Yin | Qianyou | 948-951 | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guo Wei | 951-954 | Emperor Shengshen Gongsu Wenwu Xiao | Guangshun | 951-954 | Taizu | ||||
Chai Rong | 954-959 | Emperor Ruiwu Xiaowen | Xiande | 954-960 | Shizong | ||||
Chai Zongxun | 959-960 | Emperor Gong | - |
Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Jian | 907-918 | Emperor Shenwu Shengwen Xiaode Minghui | ? | Tianfu | 907 | Gaozu | |||
Wucheng | 908-910 | ||||||||
Yongping | 911-915 | ||||||||
Tongzheng | 916 | ||||||||
Tianhan | 917 | ||||||||
Guangtian | 918 | ||||||||
Wang Zongyan | 918-925 | - | Qiande | 918-925 | - | ||||
Xiankang | 925 |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang Xingmi | 904-905 | Emperor Wu | Tianyou | 904-919 | Taizu | ||||
Yang Wo | 905-908 | Emperor Jing | Liezong | ||||||
Yang Longyan | 908-921 | Emperor Xuan | Gaozu | ||||||
Wuyi | 919-921 | ||||||||
Yang Pu | 921-937 | Emperor Rui | Shunyi | 921-927 | - | ||||
Qianzhen | 927-929 | ||||||||
Dahe | 929-935 | ||||||||
Tianzuo | 935-937 |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ma Yin | 897-930 | King Wumu | - | - | ||
Ma Xisheng | 930-932 | - | - | - | ||
Ma Xifan | 932-947 | King Wenzhao | - | - | ||
Ma Xiguang | 947-950 | - | - | - | ||
Ma Xi'e | 950 | King Gongxiao | - | - | ||
Ma Xichong | 950-951 | - | - | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qian Liu | 904-932 | King Wusu | Tianbao | 908-923 | Taizu | ||||
Baoda | 923-925 | ||||||||
Baozheng | 925-932 | ||||||||
Qian Yuanguan | 932-941 | King Wenmu | - | Shizong | |||||
Qian Hongzuo | 941-947 | King Zhongxian | - | Chengzong | |||||
Qian Hongzong | 947 | King Zhongxun | - | - | |||||
Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu) | () | 947-978 | King Zhongyi | - | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang Shenzhi | 909-925 | Emperor Zhaowu Xiao | - | Taizu | |||||
Wang Yanhan | 925-926 | - | - | - | |||||
Wang Yanjun | 926-935 | Emperor Qisu Mingxiao | Longqi | 933-935 | Huizong | ||||
Yonghe | 935 | ||||||||
Wang Jipeng | 935-939 | Emperor Shengshen Yingrui Wenming Guangwu Yingdao Dahong Xiao | Tongwen | 936-939 | Kangzong | ||||
Wang Yanxi | 939-944 | Emperor Ruiwen Guangwu Mingsheng Yuande Longdao Daxiao | Yonglong | 939-944 | Jingzong | ||||
Wang Yanzheng | 943-945 | Prince Gongyi | Tiande | 943-945 | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liú Yán or Liú Y?n |
or
|
917-925 | Emperor Tianhuang Da | ? | Qiánh?ng | 917-925 | Gaozu | ||
Báilóng | 925-928 | ||||||||
Dày?u | 928-941 | ||||||||
Liú B?n | 941-943 | Emperor Shang | Gu?ngti?n | 941-943 | - | ||||
Liú Shèng | 943-958 | Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao | Yìngqián | 943 | Zhongzong | ||||
Qiánhé | 943-958 | ||||||||
Liú Ch?ng | 958-971 | - | Dàb?o | 958-971 | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gao Jixing | 909-928 | King Wuxin | - | - | ||
Gao Conghui | 928-948 | King Wenxian | - | - | ||
Gao Baorong | 948-960 | King Zhenyi | - | - | ||
Gao Baoxu | 960-962 | - | - | - | ||
Gao Jichong | 962-963 | - | - | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meng Zhixiang | 934 | Emperor Wenwu Shengde Yinglie Mingxiao | ? | Mingde | 934-938 | Gaozu | |||
Meng Chang | 938-965 | Prince Gongxiao | Guangzheng | 938-965 | - |
Chinese convention for this dynasty only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + "Qianzhu" (lit. "first lord"), "Zhongzhu" (lit. "middle lord") or "Houzhu" (lit. "last lord").
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Bian | 937-943 | Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao | Shengyuan | 937-943 | Liezu | ||||
Li Jing | 943-961 | Emperor Mingdao Chongde Wenxuan Xiao | Baoda | 943-958 | Yuanzong | ||||
Jiaotai | 958 | ||||||||
Zhongxing | 958 | ||||||||
Li Yu | 961-976 | - | - | - |
Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Min | 951-954 | Emperor Shenwu | ? | Qianyou | 951-957 | Shizu | |||
Liu Chengjun | 954-968 | Emperor Xiaohe | ? | Ruizong | |||||
Tianhui | 957-968 | ||||||||
Liu Ji'en | 970 | - | - | - | |||||
Liu Jiyuan | 970-982 | Emperor Yingwu | ? | Guangyun | 970-982 | - |
(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)
Personal name | Name of posts | Period on post | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Congxiao | Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang | 945-962 | ||
Liu Shaozi | Regent of Quanzhang | ? | 962 | |
Zhang Hansi | Military Commissioner of Quanzhang | 962-963 | ||
Chen Hongjin | 963-978 |
Personal name | Name of posts | Period on post | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Yan | Military Commissioner of Wuping | 950-953 | ||
Wang Kui
or Wang Jinkui |
or
|
953-956 | ||
Zhou Xingfeng | Military Commissioner of Hunan | 956-962 | ||
Zhou Baoquan | 962-963 |
Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + regnal name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Taizu of Liao | Y?l? ?b?oj? | 916-926 | Emperor Dasheng Daming Shenlie Tian | Shence | 916-922 | Taizu | ||||
Tianzan | 922-926 | |||||||||
Tianxian | 926 | |||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Liao | Y?l? Dégu?ng | ? | 926-947 | Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen | Tianxian | 927-938 | Taizong | |||
Huitong | 938-947 | |||||||||
Datong | 947 | |||||||||
Emperor Shizong of Liao | Y?l? Ru?n | 947-951 | Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian | Tianlu | 947-951 | Shizong | ||||
Emperor Muzong of Liao | Y?l? J?ng | 951-969 | Emperor Xiao'an Jingzheng | Yingli | 951-969 | Muzong | ||||
Emperor Jingzong of Liao | Y?l? Xián | 969-982 | Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing | Baoning | 969-979 | Jingzong | ||||
Qianheng | 979-982 | |||||||||
Emperor Shengzong of Liao | Y?l? Lóngxù | ? | 982-1031 | Emperor Wenwu Daxiao Xuan | ? | Qianheng | 982 | Shengzong | ||
Tonghe | 983-1012 | |||||||||
Kaitai | 1012-1021 | |||||||||
Taiping | 1021-1031 | |||||||||
Emperor Xingzong Liao | Y?l? Z?ngzh?n | ? | 1031-1055 | Emperor Shensheng Xiaozhang | Jingfu | 1031-1032 | Xingzong | |||
Chongxi | 1032-1055 | |||||||||
Emperor Daozong of Liao | Y?l? Hóngj? | ? | 1055-1101 | Emperor Rensheng Daxiao Wen | ? | Qingning | 1055-1064 | Daozong | ||
Xianyong | 1065-1074 | |||||||||
Taikang
or Dakang |
or
|
1075-1084 | ||||||||
Da'an | 1085-1094 | |||||||||
Shouchang
or Shoulong |
or
|
1095-1101 | ||||||||
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao1 | Y?l? Yánx? | ? | 1101-1125 | - | Qiantong | 1101-1110 | - | |||
Tianqing | 1111-1120 | |||||||||
Baoda | 1121-1125 | |||||||||
1 -- "Emperor Tianzuo" was the regnal name () of Yelü Yanxi. |
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Northern Liao" + temple name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Chun | Yelü Chun | 1122 | Emperor Xiaozhang | ? | Jianfu | 1122 | Xuanzong | |||
Xiao Puxiannü (regent) |
Xiao Puxiannü | ? | 1122-1123 | - | Dexing | 1122-1123 | - |
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Dashi | Y?l? Dàshí
or Y?l? Dáshí1 |
?
or ? |
1124-1144 | Emperor Tianyou Wulie | Yanqing | 1124 or 1125-1134 | Dezong | |||
Kangguo | 1134-1144 | |||||||||
Xiao Tabuyan (regent) |
Xi?o T?bùy?n | ? | 1144-1150 | Empress Consort Gantian | ? | Xianqing | 1144-1150 | - | ||
Yelü Yilie | Y?l? Yíliè | ? | 1150-1164 | - | Shaoxing
or Xuxing2 |
or
|
1150-1164 | Renzong | ||
Yelü Pusuwan (regent) |
Y?l? P?sùwán | 1164-1178 | Empress Dowager Chengtian | ? | Chongfu ( Chóngfú) 1164-1178 | 1164-1178 | - | |||
Yelü Zhilugu | Y?l? Zhíl?g? | 1178-1211 | - | Tianxi ( Ti?nx?) 1178-1218 | 1178-1218 | - | ||||
Kuchlug | Q?ch?l? | 1211-1218 | - | - | - | |||||
1 -- "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.
2 -- Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[1] |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yelü Bei | Yelü Bei | 926-930 | Emperor Wenxian Qinyi | Ganlu | 926-936 | Yizong | ||||
Empress Consort Duanshun | Lady Xiao (name unknown) (regent) |
930-940 | Empress Consort Duanshun | ? | - | |||||
Emperor Shizong of Liao (same person as the third Liao emperor) |
Yelü Ruan | 940-947 | Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian | - | - | |||||
Yelü Anduan | Yelü Anduan | ? | 947-952 | - | - | - |
Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing ( Sòng Dì B?ng))
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Song () (960-1127 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Taizu of Song | Zhao Kuangyin | 960-976 | Emperor Qiyun Liji Yingwu Ruiwen Shende Shenggong Zhiming Daxiao | Jianlong | 960-963 | Taizu | ||||
Qiande | 963-968 | |||||||||
Kaibao | 968-976 | |||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Song | Zhao Kuangyi
or Zhao Guangyi or Zhao Jiong |
or
or
|
976-997 | Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming Guangxiao | Taipingxingguo | ? | 976-984 | Taizong | ||
Yongxi | 984-987 | |||||||||
Duangong | 988-989 | |||||||||
Chunhua | 990-994 | |||||||||
Zhidao | 995-997 | |||||||||
Emperor Zhenzong of Song | Zhao Heng | 997-1022 | Emperor Yingfu Jigu Shengong Rangde Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao | Xianping | 998-1003 | Zhenzong | ||||
Jingde | 1004-1007 | |||||||||
Dazhongxiangfu | ? | 1008-1016 | ||||||||
Tianxi | 1017-1021 | |||||||||
Qianxing | 1022 | |||||||||
Emperor Renzong of Song | Zhao Zhen | 1022-1063 | Emperor Titian Fadao Jigong Quande Shenwen Shengwu Ruizhe Mingxiao | Tiansheng | 1023-1032 | Renzong | ||||
Mingdao | 1032-1033 | |||||||||
Jingyou | 1034-1038 | |||||||||
Baoyuan | 1038-1040 | |||||||||
Kangding | 1040-1041 | |||||||||
Qingli | 1041-1048 | |||||||||
Huangyou | 1049-1054 | |||||||||
Zhihe | 1054-1056 | |||||||||
Jiayou | 1056-1063 | |||||||||
Emperor Yingzong of Song | Zhao Shu | 1063-1067 | Emperor Tiqian Yingli Longgong Shengde Xianwen Suwu Ruisheng Xuanxiao | Zhiping | 1064-1067 | Yingzong | ||||
Emperor Shenzong of Song | Zhao Xu | 1067-1085 | Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao | ? | Xining | 1068-1077 | Shenzong | |||
Yuanfeng | 1078-1085 | |||||||||
Emperor Zhezong of Song | Zhao Xu | 1085-1100 | Emperor Xianyuan Jidao Shede Yanggong Qinwen Ruiwu Qisheng Zhaoxiao | Yuanyou | 1086-1094 | Zhezong | ||||
Shaosheng | 1094-1098 | |||||||||
Yuanfu | 1098-1100 | |||||||||
Emperor Huizong of Song | Zhao Ji | 1100-1125 | Emperor Tishen Hedao Junlie Xungong Shengwen Rende Cixian Xianxiao | Jianzhongjingguo | ? | 1101 | Huizong | |||
Chongning | 1102-1106 | |||||||||
Daguan | 1107-1110 | |||||||||
Zhenghe | 1111-1118 | |||||||||
Chonghe | 1118-1119 | |||||||||
Xuanhe | 1119-1125 | |||||||||
Emperor Qinzong of Song | Zhao Huan | 1126-1127 | Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao | Jingkang | 1125-1127 | Qinzong | ||||
Southern Song () (1127-1279 CE) | ||||||||||
Emperor Gaozong of Song | Zhao Gou | 1127-1162 | Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao | Jianyan | 1127-1130 | Gaozong | ||||
Shaoxing | 1131-1162 | |||||||||
Emperor Xiaozong of Song | Zhao Shen | 1162-1189 | Emperor Shaotong Tongdao Guande Zhaogong Zhewen Shenwu Mingsheng Chengxiao | Longxing | 1163-1164 | Xiaozong | ||||
Qiandao | 1165-1173 | |||||||||
Chunxi | 1174-1189 | |||||||||
Emperor Guangzong of Song | Zhao Dun | 1189-1194 | Emperor Xundao Xianren Minggong Maode Wenwen Shunwu Shengzhe Cixiao | Shaoxi | 1190-1194 | Guangzong | ||||
Emperor Ningzong of Song | Zhao Kuo | 1194-1224 | Emperor Fatian Beidao Chunde Maogong Renwen Zhewu Shengrui Gongxiao | Qingyuan | 1195-1200 | Ningzong | ||||
Jiatai | 1201-1204 | |||||||||
Kaixi | 1205-1207 | |||||||||
Jiading | 1208-1224 | |||||||||
Emperor Lizong of Song | Zhao Yun | 1224-1264 | Emperor Jiandao Beide Dagong Fuxing Liewen Renwu Shengming Anxiao | Baoqing | 1225-1227 | Lizong | ||||
Shaoding | 1228-1233 | |||||||||
Duanping | 1234-1236 | |||||||||
Jiaxi | 1237-1240 | |||||||||
Chunyou | 1241-1252 | |||||||||
Baoyou | 1253-1258 | |||||||||
Kaiqing | 1259 | |||||||||
Jingding | 1260-1264 | |||||||||
Emperor Duzong of Song | Zhao Qi | 1264-1274 | Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao | Xianchun | 1265-1274 | Duzong | ||||
Emperor Gong of Song | Zhao Xian | 1274-1276 | - | Deyou | 1275-1276 | - | ||||
Emperor Duanzong of Song | Zhao Shi | 1276-1278 | Emperor Yuwen Zhaowu Minxiao | Jingyan | 1276-1278 | Duanzong | ||||
Zhao Bing | Zhao Bing | 1278-1279 | - | Xiangxing | 1278-1279 | - |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Former Dali () (937-1094 CE) | ||||||||||
Duan Siping | Duan Siping | 937-944 | Emperor Shengshen Wenwu | Wende | 938-? | Taizu | ||||
Shenwu | ?-944 | |||||||||
Duan Siying | Duan Siying | 944-945 | - | Wenjing | 945 | - | ||||
Duan Siliang | Duan Siliang | 945-952 | Emperor Shengci Wenwu | Zhizhi | 946-951 | - | ||||
Duan Sicong | Duan Sicong | 952-968 | Emperor Zhidao Guangci | Mingde | 952-? | - | ||||
Guangde | ?-967 | |||||||||
Shunde | 968 | |||||||||
Duan Sushun | Duan Sushun | 968-985 | Emperor Yingdao | ? | Mingzheng | 969-985 | - | |||
Duan Suying | Duan Suying | 985-1009 | Emperor Zhaoming | ? | Guangming | 986-? | - | |||
Mingying | ? | |||||||||
Mingtong | ? | |||||||||
Mingsheng | ? | |||||||||
Mingzhi | ? | |||||||||
Duan Sulian | Duan Sulian | 1009-1022 | Emperor Xuansu | ? | Mingqi | 1010-1022 | - | |||
Duan Sulong | Duan Sulong | 1022-1026 | Emperor Bingyi | ? | Mingtong | 1023-1026 | - | |||
Duan Suzhen | Duan Suzhen | 1026-1041 | Emperor Shengde | ? | Zhengzhi | 1027-1041 | - | |||
Duan Suxing | Duan Suxing | 1041-1044 | - | Shengming | 1042-? | - | ||||
Tianming | ?-1044 | |||||||||
Duan Silian | Duan Silian | 1044-1075 | Emperor Xiaode | ? | Bao'an | 1045-1052 | Xingzong | |||
Zheng'an | 1053-? | |||||||||
Zhengde | ? | |||||||||
Baode | ?-1074 | |||||||||
Minghou | ? | |||||||||
Duan Lianyi | Duan Lianyi | 1075-1080 | - | Shangde | 1076 | - | ||||
Duan Shouhui | Duan Shouhui | 1080-1081 | - | Shangming | 1081 | - | ||||
Duan Zhengming | Duan Zhengming | 1081-1094 | Emperor Baoding | ? | Baoli | 1082 | - | |||
Jian'an | 1083-1091 | |||||||||
Tianyou | 1091-1094 | |||||||||
Later Dali () (1096-1253 CE) | ||||||||||
Duan Zhengchun | Duan Zhengchun | 1096-1108 | Emperor Wen'an | ? | Tianshou | 1096 | Zhongzong | |||
Mingkai | 1097-1103 | |||||||||
Tianzheng | 1103-1104 | |||||||||
Wen'an | 1104-1108 | |||||||||
Duan Zhengyan | Duan Zhengyan | 1108-1147 | Emperor Xuanren | ? | Rixin | 1109-1110 | Xianzong | |||
Wenzhi | 1110-? | |||||||||
Yongjia | ?-1128 | |||||||||
Baotian | 1129-1137 | |||||||||
Guangyun | 1138-1147 | |||||||||
Duan Zhengxing | Duan Zhengxing | 1147-1171 | Emperor Zhengkang | ? | Yongzhen | 1148 | Jingzong | |||
Dabao | 1149-1156 | |||||||||
Longxing | 1157-1161 | |||||||||
Shengming | 1162-? | |||||||||
Jiande | ?-1171 | |||||||||
Duan Zhixing | Duan Zhixing | 1171-1200 | Emperor Gongji | ? | Lizhen | 1172-1174 | Xuanzong | |||
Shengde | 1176-1180 | |||||||||
Jiahui | 1181-1184 | |||||||||
Yuanheng | 1185-1195 | |||||||||
Ding'an | 1195-1200 | |||||||||
Duan Zhilian | Duan Zhilian | 1200-1204 | Emperor Hengtian | ? | Fengli | 1200-? | Yingzong | |||
Yuanshou | ?-1204 | |||||||||
Duan Zhixiang | Duan Zhixiang | 1204-1238 | - | Tiankai | 1205-1225 | Shenzong | ||||
Tianfu | 1226 | |||||||||
Tianshou | 1227-1238 | |||||||||
Duan Xiangxing | Duan Xiangxing | 1238-1251 | Emperor Xiaoyi | ? | Daolong | 1239-1251 | - | |||
Duan Xingzhi | Duan Xingzhi | 1251-1254 | - | Tianding | 1251-1254 | - |
Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)
The Tangut names for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or from Western Xia coins.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal Name | Reign | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor J?ngz?ng of Western Xia | L? Yuánhào | 1032-1048 | Emperor W?liè | ? | Xi?ndào | 1032-1034 | J?ngz?ng | |||
K?iyùn | 1034 | |||||||||
Gu?ngpíng | 1035-1036 | |||||||||
Dàqìng | 1036-1038 | |||||||||
Ti?nshòul?f?yánzuò | 1038-1048 | |||||||||
Emperor Yìz?ng of Western Xia | L? Liàngzuò | 1048-1067 | Emperor Zh?oy?ng | ? | Yánsìníngguó | ? | 1048-1049 | Yìz?ng | ||
Ti?nyòuchuíshèng | ? | 1050-1052 | ||||||||
Fúshèngchéngdào | ? | 1053-1056 | ||||||||
Du?d? | 1057-1063 | |||||||||
G?nghuà | 1063-1067 | |||||||||
Emperor Huìz?ng of Western Xia | L? B?ngcháng | 1067-1086 | Emperor K?ngjìng | ? | Qiándào | 1067-1069 | Huìz?ng | |||
Ti?ncìl?shèngguóqìng | 1070-1074 | |||||||||
Dà'?n | 1075-1085 | |||||||||
Ti?n'?nl?dìng | ? ? |
1085-1086 | ||||||||
Emperor Chóngz?ng of Western Xia | L? Qiánshùn | 1086-1139 | Emperor Shèngwén | ? | Ti?nyízhìpíng | ? | 1086-1089 | Chóngz?ng | ||
Ti?nyòumín'?n | ? ? |
1090-1097 | ||||||||
Y?ng'?n | 1098-1100 | |||||||||
Zh?ngu?n | 1101-1113 | |||||||||
Y?ngníng | 1114-1118 | |||||||||
Yuándé | 1119-1127 | |||||||||
Zhèngdé | 1127-1134 | |||||||||
Dàdé | 1135-1139 | |||||||||
Emperor Rénz?ng of Western Xia | L? Rénxiào | 1139-1193 | Emperor Shengde | ? | Dàqìng | 1139-1143 | Rénz?ng | |||
Rénqìng | 1144-1148 | |||||||||
Ti?nshèng | 1149-1170 | |||||||||
Qiányòu | 1170-1193 | |||||||||
Emperor Huánz?ng of Western Xia | L? Chúnyòu | 1193-1206 | Emperor Zh?oji?n | ? | Ti?nqìng | 1193-1206 | Huánz?ng | |||
Emperor Xi?ngz?ng of Western Xia | L? ?nquán | 1206-1211 | Emperor Jingmu | ? | Y?ngti?n | 1206-1209 | Xi?ngz?ng | |||
Huángjiàn | 1210-1211 | |||||||||
Emperor Shénz?ng of Western Xia | L? Z?nx? | 1211-1223 | Emperor Y?ngwén | ? | Gu?ngdìng | 1211-1223 | Shénz?ng | |||
Emperor Xiànz?ng of Western Xia | L? Déwàng | 1223-1226 | Emperor Xiao'ai | ? | Qiándìng | 1223-1226 | Xiànz?ng | |||
Emperor Mò of Western Xia | L? Xiàn | 1226-1227 | - | B?oyì | 1226-1227 | - |
Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor Taizu of Jin | ?g?d? or Wányán M?n |
or |
1115-1123 | Sh?uguó | 1115-1116 | Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng Wuyuan | Tàiz? | |||
Ti?nf? | 1117-1123 | |||||||||
Emperor Taizong of Jin | Wúq?m?i or Wányán Shèng |
or |
1123-1134 | Ti?nhuì | 1123-1134 | Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide Zhaogong Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie | ? | Tàiz?ng | ||
Emperor Xizong of Jin | Hélá or Wányán D?n |
or |
1135-1149 | Ti?nhuì | 1135-1138 | Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing Xiaocheng | ? | X?z?ng | ||
Ti?njuàn | 1138-1141 | |||||||||
Huángt?ng | 1141-1149 | |||||||||
Wanyan Liang | Díg?n?i or Wányán Liàng |
or |
1149-1161 | Ti?ndé | 1149-1153 | Prince Yáng | - | |||
Zhènyuán | 1153-1156 | |||||||||
Zhènglóng | 1156-1161 | |||||||||
Emperor Shizong of Jin | W?lù or Wányán Y?ng |
or |
1161-1189 | Dàdìng | 1161-1189 | Emperor Guangtian Xingyun Wende Wugong Shengming Renxiao | Shìz?ng | |||
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin | Mádág? or Wányán J?ng |
or |
1190-1208 | Míngch?ng | 1190-1196 | Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen Yiwu Shensheng Yingxiao | Zh?ngz?ng | |||
Chéng'?n | 1196-1200 | |||||||||
Tàihé | 1200-1208 | |||||||||
Wanyan Yongji | Wányán Y?ngjì | ? | 1209-1213 | Dà'?n | 1209-1212 | Prince Shào | - | |||
Chóngqìng | 1212-1213 | |||||||||
Zhìníng | 1213 | |||||||||
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin | Wúdúb? or Wányán Xú |
or |
1213-1223 | Zh?nyòu | 1213-1217 | Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren Yingwu Shengxiao | Xu?nz?ng | |||
X?ngdìng | 1217-1222 | |||||||||
Yuángu?ng | 1222-1223 | |||||||||
Emperor Aizong of Jin | Níngji?sù or Wányán Sh?uxù |
or ? |
1224-1234 | Zhèngdà | 1224-1232 | Emperor Zhuang | ?iz?ng | |||
K?ix?ng | 1232 | |||||||||
Ti?nx?ng | 1232-1234 | |||||||||
Emperor Mo of Jin | H?d?n or Wányán Chénglín |
or ? |
1234 | - | - | - |
Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after
Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).
Khan Name | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Regnal name (Zun Hao ) | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temüjin | ? | 1206-1227 | - | - | Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu | Tàiz? | |||||
Tolui | Borjigin Tolui | 1228 | - | - | Emperor Rensheng Jingxiang | Ruìz?ng | ||||||
Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei | ? | 1229-1241 | - | - | Emperor Yingwen | ? | Tàiz?ng | ||||
Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük | 1246-1248 | - | - | Emperor Jianping | ? | Dìngz?ng | |||||
Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke | 1251-1259 | - | - | Emperor Huansu | ? | Xiànz?ng | |||||
Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai | ? | 1260-1294 | Zh?ngt?ng | 1260-1264 | Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao | ? | Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu | Shìz? | |||
Zhìyuán | 1264-1294 | |||||||||||
Temür Khan | Borjigin Temür | ? | 1294-1307 | Yuánzh?n | 1295-1297 | - | Emperor Qinming Guangxiao | Chéngz?ng | ||||
1307-1308 | Dàdé | 1297-1307 | ||||||||||
Külüg Khan | Borjigin Qayshan | 1308-1311 | Zhìdà | 1308-1311 | Emperor Tongtian Jisheng Qinwen Yingwu Dazhang Xiao | ? | Emperor Renhui Xuanxiao | W?z?ng | ||||
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra | 1311-1320 | Huángqìng | 1312-1313 | - | Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao | Rénz?ng | |||||
1320-1321 | Yányòu | 1314-1320 | ||||||||||
Gegeen Khan | Borjigin Suddhipala | 1321-1323 | Zhìzhì | 1321-1323 | Emperor Jitian Tidao Jingwen Renwu Dazhao Xiao | ? | Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao | Y?ngz?ng | ||||
Yesün Temür1 | Borjigin Yesün-Temür | 1323-1328 | Tàidìng | 1324-1328 | - | - | - | |||||
Zhìhé | 1328 | |||||||||||
Ragibagh Khan1 | Borjigin Arigaba | 1328 | Ti?nshùn | 1328 | - | - | - | |||||
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür | 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 | Ti?nlì | 1328-1330 | Emperor Qintian Tongsheng Zhide Chenggong Dawen Xiao | ? | Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao | Wénz?ng | ||||
Zhìshùn | 1330-1332 | |||||||||||
Khutughtu Khan Kusala | Borjigin Qoshila | ? | 1329 | Emperor Shuntian Lidao Ruiwen Zhiwu Dasheng Xiao | ? | Emperor Yixian Jingxiao | Míngz?ng | |||||
Rinchinbal Khan | Borjigin Irinchibal | 1332 | - | Emperor Chongsheng Sixiao | Níngz?ng | |||||||
Toghon Temür2 | Borjigin Toghan-Temür | 1333-1368 | 1333 | - | Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun |
or |
Huìz?ng | |||||
Yuánt?ng | 1333-1335 | |||||||||||
Zhìyuán | 1335-1340 | |||||||||||
Zhìzhèng | 1341-1368 | |||||||||||
Zhìyuán | 1368-1370 | |||||||||||
1 -- Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "Yuan" + era name (e.g. ? Yuán Tàidìng Dì). |
Retreat of the Yuan court to the Mongolian Plateau after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1368 (1368 - early 15th century)
Convention: use khan names or birth names.
Khan Names | Personal Name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toghon Temür (same person as the last Yuan emperor) |
Borjigin Toghan-Temür | 1368-1370 | Zhìshùn | 1333 | Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun |
or |
Huìz?ng | |||
Yuánt?ng | 1333-1335 | |||||||||
Zhìyuán | 1335-1340 | |||||||||
Zhìzhèng | 1341-1368 | |||||||||
Zhìyuán | 1368-1370 | |||||||||
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara | Borjigin Ayushiridara | ? | 1370-1378 | Xu?ngu?ng | 1371-1378 | Emperor Wucheng Hexiao | Zh?oz?ng | |||
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür | Borjigin Tögüs Temür | ? | 1378-1388 | Ti?nyuán
or Ti?ngu?ng1 |
or
|
1378-1388 | Emperor Yisheng Ningxiao | - | ||
1 -- Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[2] |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name1 (Shi Hao ) | Temple name1 (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hongwu Emperor | Zh? Yuánzh?ng | 1368-1398 | Hóngw? | 1368-1398 | Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gao | Tàiz? | ||||
Jianwen Emperor | Zh? Y?nwén | 1398-1402 | Jiànwén | 1398-1402 | Emperor Sitian Zhangdao Chengyi Yuangong Guanwen Yangwu Keren Duxiao Rang | ? | Huizong2 | |||
Yongle Emperor | Zh? Dì | 1402-1424 | Y?nglè | 1402-1424 | Emperor Qitian Hongdao Gaoming Zhaoyun Shengwu Shengong Chunren Zhixiao Wen | ? | Chéngz? or Tàiz?ng | / | ||
Hongxi Emperor | Zh? G?ochì | 1424-1425 | Hóngx? | 1424-1425 | Emperor Jingtian Tidao Chuncheng Zhide Hongwen Qinwu Zhangsheng Daxiao Zhao | ? | Rénz?ng | |||
Xuande Emperor | Zh? Zh?nj? | 1425-1435 | Xu?ndé | 1425-1435 | Emperor Xiantian Chongdao Yingming Shensheng Qintian Zhaowu Kuanren Chunxiao Zhang | ? | Xu?nz?ng | |||
Emperor Yingzong of Ming | Zh? Qízhèn | 1435-1449
and 1457-1464³ |
Zhèngt?ng
and Ti?nshùn |
and
|
1435-1449
and 1457-1464 |
Emperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui | ? | Y?ngz?ng | ||
Jingtai Emperor | Zh? Qíyù | 1449-1457 | J?ngtài | 1449-1457 | Emperor Futian Jiandao Gongren Kangding Longwen Buwu Xiande Chongxiao Jing | ? | Dàiz?ng | |||
Chenghua Emperor | Zh? Jiànsh?n | 1464-1487 | Chénghuà | 1464-1487 | Emperor Jitian Ningdao Chengming Renjing Chongwen Suwu Hongde Shengxiao Chun | ? | Xiànz?ng | |||
Hongzhi Emperor | Zh? Yòutáng | 1487-1505 | Hóngzhì | 1487-1505 | Emperor Jiantian Mingdao Chengchun Zhongzheng Shengwen Shenwu Zhiren Dade Jing | ? | Xiàoz?ng | |||
Zhengde Emperor | Zh? Hòuzhào | 1505-1521 | Zhèngdé | 1505-1521 | Emperor Chengtian Dadao Yingsu Ruizhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Sixiao Yi | ? | W?z?ng | |||
Jiajing Emperor | Zh? Hòuc?ng | 1521-1566 | Ji?jìng | 1521-1566 | Emperor Qintian Lüdao Yingyi Shensheng Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiao Su | ? | Shìz?ng | |||
Longqing Emperor | Zh? Z?ihòu | 1566-1572 | Lóngqìng | 1566-1572 | Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuanyi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hongxiao Zhuang | ? | Mùz?ng | |||
Wanli Emperor | Zh? Yìj?n | 1572-1620 | Wànlì | 1572-1620 | Emperor Fantian Hedao Zhesu Dunjian Guangwen Zhangwu Anren Zhixiao Xian | ? | Shénz?ng | |||
Taichang Emperor | Zh? Chángluò | 1620 | Tàich?ng | 1620 | Emperor Chongtian Qidao Yingrui Gongchun Xianwen Jingwu Yuanren Yixiao Zhen | ? | Gu?ngz?ng | |||
Tianqi Emperor | Zh? Yóujiào | 1620-1627 | Ti?nq? | 1620-1627 | Emperor Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin Zhe | ? | X?z?ng | |||
Chongzhen Emperor | Zh? Yóuji?n | 1627-1644 | Chóngzh?n | 1627-1644 | Emperor Shaotian Yidao Gangming Kejian Kuiwen Fenwu Dunren Maoxiao Lie | ? | S?z?ng or Yìz?ng | / | ||
1 -- As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 -- The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong. 3 -- After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun. |
The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
Name most commonly known by | Personal name | Reign years | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Alternative title | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li Zicheng | Li Zicheng | 1644-1645 | Yongchang | 1644-1645 | Chu?ng Wáng (The Dashing King) |
The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) and their corresponding range of years | Posthumous name (Shi Hao ) | Temple name (Miao Hao ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhu Yousong | Zh? Yóus?ng | 1644-1645 | Hónggu?ng | 1644-1645 | Emperor Fengtian Zundao Kuanhe Jingmu Xiuwen Buwu Wengong Renxiao Jian | ? | ?nz?ng | |||
Zhu Yujian | Zh? Yùjiàn | 1645-1646 | Lóngw? | 1645-1646 | Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang | ? | Shàoz?ng | |||
Zhu Changfang | Zh? Chángf?ng | 1645 | None given, but sometimes referred to as the "Regency of the Prince of Lu/Luh" (Lù Wáng Lín Guó) |
? | 1646 | Prince Min | - | |||
Zhu Yihai | Zh? Y?h?i | 1645-1653 | - | - | ||||||
Zhu Yuyue | Zh? Yùyuè | 1646 | Shàow? | 1646 | - | - | ||||
Zhu Youlang | Zh? Yóuláng | 1646-1662 | Y?nglì | 1646-1662 | Emperor Yingtian Tuidao Minyi Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren Kexiao Kuang | ? | Zh?oz?ng |
*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name1 | Reign | Era names (Nian Hao ) (and their corresponding range of years) | Posthumous name2 (Shi Hao ) | Temple name2 (Miao Hao ) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Later Jin () (1616-1636 CE) | |||||||||||
Nurhaci | Nurhaci | ? | 1616-16263 | Ti?nmìng | Abkai fulingga | 1616-1626 | Emperor Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao | Tàiz? | |||
Huang Taiji | Hong Taiji4 | 1626-1636 | Ti?nc?ng | Abkai sure | 1627-1636 | Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen | ? | Tàiz?ng | |||
Qing dynasty () (1636-1912 CE) | |||||||||||
Huang Taiji (same person as the last Later Jin khan) |
Hong Taiji4 | 1636-1643 | Chóngdé | Wesihun erdemungge | 1636-1643 | Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen | ? | Tàiz?ng | |||
Shunzhi Emperor | Fúlín | 1643-16615 | Shùnzhì | Ijish?n dasan | 1643-1661 | Emperor Titian Longyun Dingtong Jianji Yingrui Qinwen Xianwu Dade Honggong Zhiren Chunxiao Zhang | ? | Shìz? | |||
Kangxi Emperor | Xuányè | 1661-1722 | K?ngx? | Elhe taifin | 1661-1722 | Emperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren | ? | Shèngz? | |||
Yongzheng Emperor | Yìnzh?n | 1722-1735 | Y?ngzhèng | H?waliyasun tob | 1722-1735 | Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozheng Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian | ? | Shìz?ng | |||
Qianlong Emperor | Hónglì | 1735-17966 | Qiánlóng | Abkai wehiyehe | 1735-1796 | Emperor Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun | ? | G?oz?ng | |||
Jiaqing Emperor | Yóngy?n | 1796-1820 | Ji?qìng | Saicungga feng?en | 1796-1820 | Emperor Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe Rui | ? | Rénz?ng | |||
Daoguang Emperor | Mínníng | 1820-1850 | Dàogu?ng | Doro eldengge | 1820-1850 | Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng | ? | Xu?nz?ng | |||
Xianfeng Emperor | Yìzh? | 1850-1861 | Xiánf?ng | Gubci elgiyengg | 1850-1861 | Emperor Xietian Yiyun Zhizhong Chuimo Maode Zhenwu Shengxiao Yuangong Duanren Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian | ? | Wénz?ng | |||
Tongzhi Emperor | Z?ichún | 1861-18757 | Tóngzhì | Yooningga dasan | 1861-1875 | Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu Yi | ? | Mùz?ng | |||
Guangxu Emperor | Z?itián | 1875-19087 | Gu?ngxù | Badarangga doro | 1875-1908 | Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dahong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing | Déz?ng | ||||
Xuantong Emperor | P?yí (also known as Henry) |
1908-191210 | Xu?nt?ng | Gehungge yoso | 1908-1912 | Emperor Peitian Tongyun Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu Tiren Lixiao Min8, 9 | 8, 9 | G?ngz?ng9 | 9 | ||
1 -- The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (? aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. 2 -- As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. 3 -- Nurhaci founded the Jin (?) or Later Jin () dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. 4 -- Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (). 5 -- The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. 6 -- The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (?). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. 7 -- The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. 8 -- Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the common name by which mainland China and Taiwan's history books refer to Puyi. 9 -- In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Emperor Min (). Temple name: Gongzong (). Both titles are not commonly used in academia to refer to this sovereign. 10 -- The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" () which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917 in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong () (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde () (1934-1945). |
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era name (Nian Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Xiuquan | Hong Xiuquan | 11 January 1851 - 1 June 1864 | Taiping Tianguo | ? | |
Hong Tianguifu | Hong Tianguifu | ? | 6 June 1864 - 18 November 1864 |
A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.
Name by which most commonly known | Personal name | Reign | Era name (Nian Hao ) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuan Shikai | Yuan Shikai | 22 December 1915 - 22 March 1916 | Hóngxiàn |