Matthew the Apostle | |
|---|---|
 Matthew the Evangelist, miniature from the Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany, Queen consort of France (1477-1514) | |
| Apostle, Evangelist, and Martyr | |
| Born | 1st century AD Capernaum[1] |
| Died | 1st century AD near Hierapolis or Ethiopia, relics in Salerno, Italy |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church Catholic Church Eastern Catholic Churches Oriental Orthodoxy Church of the East Anglican Communion Lutheranism |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Feast | 21 September (Western Christianity) 22 October (Coptic Orthodox) 16 November (Eastern Christianity) |
| Attributes | Angel |
| Patronage | Accountants; Salerno, Italy; bankers; tax collectors; perfumers; civil servants[2] |
| Gospel of Matthew | |
Matthew the Apostle,[a] also known as Saint Matthew and as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist, a claim rejected by the majority of modern biblical scholars.
The New Testament records that as a disciple, he followed Jesus, and was one of the witnesses of the Ascension of Jesus. Later Church fathers such as Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria claim that Matthew preached the Gospel to the Jewish community in Judea, before going to other countries.
In the New Testament
Among the early followers and apostles of Jesus, Matthew is mentioned in Matthew 9:9 and Matthew 10:3 as a publican (KJV) or tax collector (NIV) who, while sitting at the "receipt of custom" in Capernaum, was called to follow Jesus.[Matthew 9:9][Mark 2:15-17][Luke 5:29] He is also listed among the twelve, but without identification of his background, in Mark 3:18, Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13. In passages parallel to Matthew 9:9, both Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27 describe Jesus' calling of the tax collector Levi, the son of Alphaeus, but Mark and Luke never explicitly equate this Levi with the Matthew named as one of the twelve.
Early life
According to the Gospels, Matthew was a 1st-century Galilean (presumably born in Galilee, which was not part of Judea or the Roman Iudaea province), the son of Alphaeus.[3] As a tax collector, he would have been literate in Aramaic and Greek.[4][5][6][7][8] His fellow Jews would have despised him for what was seen as collaborating with the Roman occupation force.[9]
After his call, Matthew invited Jesus home for a feast. On seeing this, the Scribes and the Pharisees criticized Jesus for eating with tax collectors and sinners. This prompted Jesus to answer, "I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."[Mark 2:17][Luke 5:32]
Ministry
The New Testament records that as a disciple, he followed Jesus, and was one of the witnesses of the Ascension of Jesus. Afterwards, the disciples withdrew to an upper room (Acts 1:10-14)[10](traditionally the Cenacle) in Jerusalem.[3] The disciples remained in and about Jerusalem and proclaimed that Jesus was the promised Messiah.
In the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a), "Mattai" is one of five disciples of "Jeshu".[11]
Later Church fathers such as Irenaeus (Against Heresies 3.1.1) and Clement of Alexandria claim that Matthew preached the Gospel to the Jewish community in Judea, before going to other countries. Ancient writers are not in agreement as to which these other countries are.[3] The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church each hold the tradition that Matthew died as a martyr,[12][13] although this was rejected by Heracleon, a Gnostic Christian viewed as a heretic, as early as the second century.[5]
Matthew's Gospel
The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous: the author is not named within the text, and the superscription "according to Matthew" was added some time in the second century.[14][15] The tradition that the author was the disciple Matthew begins with the early Christian bishop Papias of Hierapolis (c. AD 60-163),[16] who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius (AD 260-340), as follows: "Matthew collected the oracles (logia: sayings of or about Jesus) in the Hebrew language (Hebraïdi dialekt?i), and each one interpreted (h?rm?neusen - perhaps "translated") them as best he could."[17][b][18]
On the surface, this has been taken to imply that Matthew's Gospel itself was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by the apostle Matthew and later translated into Greek, but nowhere does the author claim to have been an eyewitness to events, and Matthew's Greek "reveals none of the telltale marks of a translation".[19][14] Scholars have put forward several theories to explain Papias: perhaps Matthew wrote two gospels, one, now lost, in Hebrew, the other our Greek version; or perhaps the logia was a collection of sayings rather than the gospel; or by dialekt?i Papias may have meant that Matthew wrote in the Jewish style rather than in the Hebrew language.[17] The consensus is that Papias does not describe the Gospel of Matthew as we know it, and it is generally accepted that Matthew was written in Greek, not in Aramaic or Hebrew.[20]
Non-canonical or apocryphal gospels
In the 3rd-century Jewish-Christian gospels attributed to Matthew were used by Jewish-Christian groups such as the Nazarenes and Ebionites. Fragments of these gospels survive in quotations by Jerome, Epiphanius and others. Most academic study follows the distinction of Gospel of the Nazarenes (36 fragments), Gospel of the Ebionites (7 fragments), and Gospel of the Hebrews (7 fragments) found in Schneemelcher's New Testament Apocrypha. Critical commentators generally regard these texts as having been composed in Greek and related to Greek Matthew.[21] minority of commentators consider them to be fragments of a lost Aramaic- or Hebrew-language original.
The Infancy Gospel of Matthew is a 7th-century compilation of three other texts: the Protevangelium of James, the Flight into Egypt, and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.
Origen said the first Gospel was written by Matthew.[22][23] This Gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and translated into Greek, but the Greek copy was lost. The Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea. The Nazarene Community transcribed a copy for Jerome[24] which he used in his work.[25] Matthew's Gospel was called the Gospel according to the Hebrews[26] or sometimes the Gospel of the Apostles[27][28] and it was once believed that it was the original to the Greek Matthew found in the Bible.[29] However, this has been challenged by modern biblical scholars such as Bart Ehrman and James R. Edwards.[30][20] See also the two-source hypothesis[31][32]
Jerome relates that Matthew was supposed by the Nazarenes to have composed their Gospel of the Hebrews[25] though Irenaeus and Epiphanius of Salamis consider this simply a revised version of the canonical Gospel. This Gospel has been partially preserved in the writings of the Church Fathers, said to have been written by Matthew.[31] Epiphanius does not make his own the claim about a Gospel of the Hebrews written by Matthew, a claim that he merely attributes to the heretical Ebionites.[32]
Veneration
Matthew is recognized as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran[33] and Anglican churches (see St. Matthew's Church). His feast day is celebrated on 21 September in the West and 16 November in the East. (Those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar would keep the day on 29 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar, being 16 November in the Julian Calendar). He is also commemorated by the Orthodox, together with the other Apostles, on 30 June (13 July), the Synaxis of the Holy Apostles. His tomb is located in the crypt of Salerno Cathedral in southern Italy.
Like the other evangelists, Matthew is often depicted in Christian art with one of the four living creatures of Revelation 4:7. The one that accompanies him is in the form of a winged man. The three paintings of Matthew by Caravaggio in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, where he is depicted as called by Christ from his profession as tax gatherer, are among the landmarks of Western art.
In Islam
The Quran speaks of Jesus' disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the work of Allah".[34] Muslim exegesis and Qur'an commentary, however, name them and include Matthew amongst the disciples.[35] Muslim exegesis preserves the tradition that Matthew and Andrew were the two disciples who went to Ethiopia (not the African country, but a region called 'Ethiopia' south of the Caspian Sea) to preach the message of God.[]
Gallery
Base of a pillar at Sacred Heart Church, Puducherry, India
Stained-glass depiction of Saint Matthew at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina
A terracotta sculptural model, Giuseppe Bernardi
The Crypt at Salerno Cathedral
The Calling of St Matthew, 1599-1600, Caravaggio
St. Matthew writing the Gospel with an angel holding the volume., an Islamic miniature c. 1530 by Kesu Das for the Mughal king
Saint Matthew and the Angel by Guido Reni, 1620-1630
Saint Matthew in the Ebbo Gospels
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See also
- Mark the Evangelist
- Luke the Evangelist
- John the Apostle
- Saint Matthew the Apostle, patron saint archive
References
Notes
- ^ Biblical Hebrew: , romanized: Mattityahu, shortened to Matti (whence Arabic: , romanized: Matt?), meaning "Gift of YHWH";
Aramaic: , romanized: Mattai; Koin? Greek: , Maththaîos or , Matthaîos; Coptic: ?, romanized: Mattheos; Latin: Matthaeus - ^ Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14-17, c. 325 CE, Greek text 16: " ? · ? ?' ?· ? ?, ? ?' ? ? ?. Various English translations published, standard reference translation by Philip Schaff at CCEL: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" Online version includes footnotes 963 and 964 by Schaff.
Irenaeus of Lyons (died c. 202 CE) makes a similar comment, possibly also drawing on Papias, in his Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 1, "Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect"
Citations
- ^ Easton, Matthew George (1897). . Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
- ^ "Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington, D.C". Stmatthewscathedral.org. 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2014.
- ^ a b c Jacquier 1911.
- ^ Marx 1979, pp. 148- 157.
- ^ a b Orr 1915, p. 2009.
- ^ Hezser 2001, p. 172.
- ^ Davies & Finkelstein 1984, p. 192.
- ^ Bartlet 1911.
- ^ "Saint Matthew". franciscanmedia.org. Franciscan Media. Retrieved 2020.
- ^ Freedman 2001, p. 130-133, 201.
- ^ Schneemelcher 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Lardner 1838, p. 299.
- ^ Bock 2002, p. 164.
- ^ a b Harrington 1991, p. 8.
- ^ Nolland 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Martin 2012.
- ^ a b Turner 2008, p. 15-16.
- ^ Bingham 1998, p. 64.
- ^ Hagner 1986, p. 281.
- ^ a b Ehrman 1999, p. 43.
- ^ Vielhauer & Strecker 2003, p. 542.
- ^ Edwards 2009, p. 18.
- ^ Repschinski 2000, p. 14.
- ^ Nicholson 1879, p. 82.
- ^ a b Saint Jerome 2000, p. 10.
- ^ Hultgren & Haggmark 1996, p. 122.
- ^ Nicholson 1879, p. 26.
- ^ Dods 1858, p. iv.
- ^ Harrison 1964, p. 152.
- ^ Edwards 2009, p. 245.
- ^ a b Mills & Wilson 2003, p. 942.
- ^ a b Epiphanius of Salamis 1987, p. 129.
- ^ ELCA 2006, p. 57.
- ^ Quran 3:49-53
- ^ Noegel & Wheeler 2003, p. 86.
Sources
- Bartlet, James Vernon (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bingham, D. Jeffrey (1998). Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6831-964-4.
- Bock, Darrell L. (2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-58558-596-0.
- Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis (1984). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21929-7.
- Dods, John Bovee (1858). Gibson Smith (ed.). The Gospel of Jesus. G. Smith.
Gospel of the Apostles.
- Edwards, James R. (2009). The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-6234-1.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512474-3.
- "Lesser Festivals, Commemorations, and Occasions". Evangelical Lutheran Worship. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8066-5672-4 – via Augsburg Fortress.
- Epiphanius of Salamis (1987). The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis. Book I (sects 1-46). Translated by Frank Williams. Brill. ISBN 90-04-07926-2.
- Freedman, David Noel (2001). The Anchor Bible Reference Library. Doubleday.
- Harrison, Everett Falconer (1964). Introduction to the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802847867.
- Hezser, Catherine (2001). Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-147546-7.
- Hultgren, Arland J.; Haggmark, Steven A. (1996). The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2963-2.
- Jacquier, Eugène (1911). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Saint Jerome (2000). Thomas P. Halton (ed.). On Illustrious Men (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 100). CUA Press. ISBN 978-0813201009.
- Lardner, Nathaniel (1838). "St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist". The Works of Nathaniel Lardner. 5. W. Ball.
- Martin, Dale B. (2012). "Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" (PDF). oyc.yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 2020.
- Marx, Werner G. (April-June 1979). "Money Matters in Matthew". Bibliotheca Sacra. 136 (542): 148-157.
- Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (2003). Mercer Commentary on the New Testament. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-864-0.
- Nicholson, E.B. (1879). The Gospel according to the Hebrews, its fragments tr. and annotated, with a critical analysis of the evidence relating to it.
- Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Roman & Littlefield). ISBN 978-0810843059.
- Orr, James, ed. (1915). "Matthew". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Chicago: The Howard-Severance Co.
- Repschinski, Boris (2000). The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew: Their Redaction, Form und [sic] Relevance for the Relationship Between the Matthean Community and Formative Judaism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-53873-9.
- Schneemelcher, Wilhelm, ed. (2003). New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects. Translated by Robert McLachlan Wilson. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22722-7.
- Vielhauer, Philipp; Strecker, Georg (2003). Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects. Translated by Robert McLachlan Wilson. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22722-7.
Further reading
- Aune, David E. (ed.) (2001). The Gospel of Matthew in current study. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4673-0.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Aune, David E. (1987). The New Testament in its literary environment. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25018-8.
- Beaton, Richard C. (2005). "How Matthew Writes". In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). The Written Gospel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83285-4.
- Browning, W. R. F. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860890-5.
- Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.
- Casey, Maurice (2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-567-64517-3.
- Clarke, Howard W. (2003). The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34235-5.
- Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) [1997]. "Matthew, Gospel acc. to St.". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1064. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2015.
- Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3931-2.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-220460-8.
- Fuller, Reginald H. (2001). "Biblical Theology". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195149173.
- Hagner, D. A. (1986). "Matthew, Gospel According to". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 280-8. ISBN 978-0-8028-8163-2.
- Harris, Stephen L. (1985). Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield.
- Kowalczyk, A. (2008). The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel. Bernardinum. ISBN 978-83-7380-625-2.
- Kupp, David D. (1996). Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57007-7.
- Levine, Amy-Jill (2001). "Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
- Levison, J.; Pope-Levison, P. (2009). "Christology". In Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.). Global Dictionary of Theology. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830878116.
- Luz, Ulrich (2005). Studies in Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3964-0.
- Luz, Ulrich (1995). The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43576-5.
- McMahon, Christopher (2008). "Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles". In Ruff, Jerry (ed.). Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780884898528.
- Morris, Leon (1986). New Testament Theology. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-45571-4.
- Peppard, Michael (2011). The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199753703.
- Perkins, Pheme (28 July 1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation. ISBN 0521485932., in Kee, Howard Clark, ed. (1997). The Cambridge companion to the bible: part 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Saldarini, Anthony (2003). "Matthew". Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. ISBN 0802837115., in Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
- Saldarini, Anthony (1994). Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73421-7.
- Sanford, Christopher B. (2005). Matthew: Christian Rabbi. Author House. ISBN 9781420883718.
- Scholtz, Donald (2009). Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament. Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 9780884899556.
- Senior, Donald (2001). "Directions in Matthean Studies". The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J. ISBN 0802846734., in Aune, David E. (ed.) (2001). The Gospel of Matthew in current study. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4673-0.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Senior, Donald (1996). What are they saying about Matthew?. PaulistPress. ISBN 978-0-8091-3624-7.
- Stanton, Graham (1993). A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25499-5.
- Strecker, Georg (2000) [1996]. Theology of the New Testament. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-0-664-22336-6.
- Tuckett, Christopher Mark (2001). Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664224318.
- Van de Sandt, H. W. M. (2005). "Introduction". Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu?. ISBN 9023240774., in Van de Sandt, H. W. M., ed. (2005). Matthew and the Didache. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. ISBN 978-90-232-4077-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Weren, Wim (2005). "The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community". Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu?. ISBN 9023240774., in Van de Sandt, H. W. M., ed. (2005). Matthew and the Didache. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. ISBN 978-90-232-4077-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Commentaries
- Allison, D. C. (2004). Matthew: A Shorter Commentary. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08249-7.
- Davies, W. D.; Allison, D. C. (2004). Matthew 1-7. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08355-5.
- Davies, W. D.; Allison, D. C. (1991). Matthew 8-18. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08365-4.
- Davies, W. D.; Allison, D. C. (1997). Matthew 19-28. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-08375-3.
- Duling, Dennis C. (2010). "The Gospel of Matthew". In Aune, David E. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0825-6.
- France, R. T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8028-2501-8.
- Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). The Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658031.
- Keener, Craig S. (1999). A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3821-6.
- Luz, Ulrich (1992). Matthew 1-7: a commentary. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9600-9.
- Luz, Ulrich (2001). Matthew 8-20: a commentary. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-6034-5.
- Luz, Ulrich (2005). Matthew 21-28: a commentary. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-3770-5.
- Morris, Leon (1992). The Gospel according to Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-85111-338-8.
- Nolland, John (2005). The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802823890.
- Turner, David L. (2008). Matthew. Baker. ISBN 978-0-8010-2684-3.
External links
- St Matthew the Apostle from The Golden Legend
- Apostle and Evangelist Matthew Orthodox icon and synaxarion
- Benedict XVI, "Matthew", General audience, 30 August 2006
- "The Caravaggio Effect"
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