Monarchism
Get Monarchism essential facts below. View Videos or join the Monarchism discussion. Add Monarchism to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Monarchism

Monarchism is the advocacy of monarchy or monarchical rule.[1] A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government, independent of any specific monarch; one who espouses a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is sometimes referred to as republicanism.

Depending on the country, a monarchist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.

History

Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.[2] Monarchy has often claimed legitimacy from a higher power (in early modern Europe the divine right of kings, and in China the Mandate of Heaven).

In England, royalty ceded power elsewhere in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, which guaranteed its barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. In 1687-88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy, which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy, justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. In the 18th century, Voltaire and others encouraged "enlightened absolutism", which was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia.

In the late 18th century, the American Revolution and the French Revolution were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1848 then ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies.

World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty.

The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, to represent the monarchy until it could be restored. Horthy was regent from 1920 to 1944. In similar wise the 1938 autocratic state of Franco in Spain claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos). In 1920s Germany a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to the Weimar Republic; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s.

With the arrival of socialism in Eastern Europe by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Albania, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics.

The aftermath of World War II also saw the return of monarchist and republican rivalry in Italy, where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.

Monarchism as a political force internationally has substantially diminished since the end of the Second World War, though it had an important role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and also played a role in the modern political affairs of Nepal. Nepal was one of the last states to have had an absolute monarch, which continued until King Gyanendra was peacefully deposed in May 2008 and the country became a federal republic. One of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia in 1974 with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie.

Current monarchies

The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies. In most of these, the monarch wields only symbolic power, although in some, the monarch does play a role in political affairs. In Thailand, for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco, King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power.

Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.

There remain a handful of countries in which the monarch is the true ruler. The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini.

Justifications for monarchism

Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally from the Age of Enlightenment, liberalism, and communism.

Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession, mediation by a tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic.[3][4]

Nonpartisan head of state

A monarchy has been justified on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state, separate from the head of government, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party, but all people.[5]

Safeguard for liberty

The International Monarchist League, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.

British-American libertarian writer Matthew Feeney, on the occasion of the birth of Prince George of Cambridge, the likely future king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Commonwealth Realms, in 2013, wrote:[6]

Connection to the past

Since the middle of the 19th century, some monarchists have stopped defending monarchy on the basis of abstract, universal principles applicable to all nations or even on the grounds that a monarchy would be the best or most practical government for the nation in question but prefer invoking local symbolic grounds that they would be a particular nation's link to the past.

Hence, post-19th century debates on whether to preserve a monarchy or to adopt a republican form of government have often been debates over national identity, with the monarch generally serving as a symbol for other issues.

For example, in countries like Belgium and the Netherlands anti-monarchist talk is often centered on the perceived symbolism of a monarch contrasting with those nation's political culture of egalitarianism. In Belgium, another factor are the anti-Belgian sentiments of the separatist Flemish movement. The latter see the monarchy as a predominantly francophone institution of which the historical roots lie in the French-speaking elite that ruled Belgium until circa 1950s.

In Canada and Australia, by contrast, debates over monarchy represent or represented debates whose driving force concerned each nation's relationship with the United Kingdom and the cultural heritage that this relationship represents.

Human desire for hierarchy

In a 1943 essay in The Spectator, "Equality", British author C.S. Lewis criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing, "Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison."[7]

Support for the restoration of monarchy

This is a list of countries showing support for the restoration of a previously abolished monarchy.

Rank Country Supporters % of country
population		 Source
1  Romania 4,123,980 37% [8]
2  Albania 1,389,275 33% [9]
3  Russia 31,781,959 28% [10]
4  Austria 1,754,600 20% [11]
5  Germany 15,646,310 19% [12]
6  France 11,053,890 17% [13]
7  Italy 12,000,000 15% [14]
8  Portugal 1,546,435 15% [15]
9  Greece 1,342,046 14% [16]
10  Brazil 31,236,957 13% [17]
11  Czech Republic 1,379,423 13% [18]
12  Mexico 6,500,000 5% [19]

Monarchists

American

Australian

Austrian

Brazilian

Belgian

British

Canadian

Chinese

Costa Rican

Croatian

Czech

Fiji

French

Georgian

German

Greek

Hungarian

Japanese

Polish

Portuguese

Russian

Serbian/Yugoslavian

See also

References

  1. ^ Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989 edition, p. 924.
  2. ^ "Sumerian King List" (PDF). Retrieved 2012.
  3. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220645/http://home1.gte.net/eskandar/ottohabsburg.html
  4. ^ Otto von Habsburg "Monarchy or Republic?". ("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")
  5. ^ Bogdanor, Vernon (6 December 2000). "The Guardian has got it wrong". The Guardian.
  6. ^ Feeney, Matthew (July 25, 2013). "The Benefits of Monarchy". Reason magazine.
  7. ^ C.S. Lewis (26 August 1943). "Equality". The Spectator.
  8. ^ Marica, Irina. "How popular is the monarchy restoration idea in Romania?". www.romania-insider.com. Retrieved 2018.
  9. ^ "Albanien, 29. Juni 1997 : Staatsform -- [in German]". www.sudd.ch (in German). Retrieved 2018.
  10. ^ Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (14 April 2017). "Will Russia ever revert back to a monarchy?". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2018.
  11. ^ "A century after Austrian-Hungarian Empire's fall, some nostalgic for monarchy". EFE. Retrieved 2018.
  12. ^ "Restored monarchy gains young Germans' support". The Local. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 2018.
  13. ^ "BVA Group - Société d'études et conseil" (PDF). BVA. Retrieved 2018.
  14. ^ "Emanule Filiberto: "Politici? Sono dei parac***"". Occhio, il Savoia vuole fare il re" (in Italian). Retrieved 2018.
  15. ^ Almeida, Henrique. "Portugal royal says monarchy still tops republic". Reuters. Retrieved 2018.
  16. ^ " ? onLine - " (in Greek). 25 April 2007. Retrieved 2018.
  17. ^ (PDF) http://www.paranapesquisas.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/BROnline_Jun17-Monarquia.pdf. Retrieved 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ "Pr?zkum ke 100 rok?m od vzniku ?eskoslovenska: kdyby se monarchie nerozpadla, m?li bychom se lépe nebo stejn?". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 2018.
  19. ^ "Partido Imperialista busca convertirse en partido político". SDPnoticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019.
  20. ^ Coulombe, Charles A. (2016). Star-Spangled Crown: A Simple Guide to the American Monarchy. Tumblar House. ISBN 978-1-9443-3905-0.
  21. ^ "Sounds of Summer: Dame Joan Sutherland". PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 2019.
  22. ^ Pearlman, Johnathan (7 September 2013). "Ten things you didn't know about Tony Abbott". telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2013.
  23. ^ a b Johnson, Carol; Wanna, John; Lee, Hsu-Ann (2015). Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election. ANU Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-9250-2209-4.
  24. ^ Bourke, Latika (2018-10-17). "Australia's position on a republic untenable: Queen 'believes'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved .
  25. ^ Gordon, Brook-Shepherd (1991). The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892-1989. HarperCollins. p. 289. ISBN 0-0021-5861-2.
  26. ^ Rosenfeld, Sidney (2001). Understanding Joseph Roth. University of South Carolina Press. p. 55. ISBN 1-5700-3398-6.
  27. ^ von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik (2001). "Monarchy and War". Journal of Libertarian Studies. 15 (1): 1-41. Retrieved 2019.
  28. ^ "Ernst Fuchs posthum als Monarchist geoutet". Kurier.at (in German). Funke Mediengruppe. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 2019.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Danilo Gentili recebe o Príncipe Dom Bertrand no The Noite". SBT. 2017-09-22. Retrieved .
  30. ^ Letters, no. 52, to Christopher Tolkien, 29 November 1943
  31. ^ "Joan Collins so happy with husband". Film-News.co.uk. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 2012.
  32. ^ "Sir Alan? Oh no, it'd be like wearing a suit every day". The Independent. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 2019.
  33. ^ Expressed support for the British monarchy in the TV series Royalty A-Z (2002). Narrator of The Royal Story.
  34. ^ Moore, J.; Sonsino, S. (2003). Leadership Unplugged. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 0-2305-9643-6.
  35. ^ "The monarchy remains the most powerful symbol of one unified nation." (2002).
  36. ^ "Long live the Queen?". Retrieved 2019.
  37. ^ "A lot of people of my generation have decided in part because of how important a unifier for the country the Queen has been that actually [the monarchy] is a better system - rationally." (2002)
  38. ^ "The monarchy stands for everything that I love and I feel proud to be British. Yes, I am a royalist." (2007)
  39. ^ Fry, Stephen (2017-06-30). "Happy Birthday, America. One Small Suggestion ..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2019.
  40. ^ "Patrons | British Monarchist Society and Foundation". bmsf.org.uk. Retrieved .
  41. ^ Rojas, John-Paul Ford (2011-12-28). "Tracey Emin: I'm abused by other artists for voting Tory". Retrieved 2016.
  42. ^ "I used to be anti monarchy - but now I'm a royalist." (2017)
  43. ^ Referred to herself as a Monarchist on the debate show The Pledge (2016).
  44. ^ Jones, Dylan (2010). Cameron on Cameron: Conversations with Dylan Jones. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-728537-2.
  45. ^ Gray, Charlotte (2016). The Promise of Canada: 150 Years--People and Ideas That Have Shaped Our Country. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8469-4. Back home, Cartier impressed Upper Canadians with his unabashed anglophilia: he was a passionate monarchist who named his third daughter Reine-Victoria and believed that the Conquest in 1763 had saved Lower Canada from the misery and shame of the French Revolution.
  46. ^ a b c d Brouillet, Eugénie; Gagnon, Alain-G.; Laforest, Guy (2018). The Quebec Conference of 1864: Understanding the Emergence of the Canadian Federation. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7735-5605-8.
  47. ^ Little, John (2013). Patrician Liberal: The Public and Private Life of Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, 1829-1908. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-6699-3. As a Canadian nationalist and constitutional monarchist, he firmly believed that the lieutenant governor was considerably more than a figurehead...
  48. ^ Udall, Sharyn Roshlfsen (2001). Carr, O'Keeffe, Kahlo: Places of Their Own. Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-3000-9186-9.
  49. ^ Chodos, Robert; Murphy, Rae; Hamovitch, Eric (1991). The Unmaking of Canada: The Hidden Theme in Canadian History Since 1945. James Lorimer Company. p. 20. ISBN 1-5502-8337-5.
  50. ^ Silcox, David P.; Milne, David (1996). Painting Place: The Life and Work of David B. Milne, Volume 1. University of Toronto Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-8020-4095-0.
  51. ^ a b Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (2002). Fifty Years the Queen: A Tribute to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on Her Golden Jubilee. Dundurn. p. 12. ISBN 1-5500-2360-8.
  52. ^ Hubbard, R. H. (1977). Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of the Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-7735-9452-3.
  53. ^ Coady, Mary Frances (2011). Georges and Pauline Vanier: Portrait of a Couple. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7735-3883-2.
  54. ^ Blake, Jason (2010). Canadian Hockey Literature: A Thematic Study. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8020-9713-2.
  55. ^ Buckner, Philip (2007). Canada and the End of Empire. UBC Press. pp. 67-68. ISBN 978-0-7748-5066-7.
  56. ^ Forsey, Helen (2012). Eugene Forsey, Canada's Maverick Sage: Canada's Maverick Sage. Dundurn. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-4597-0243-1.
  57. ^ Tombs, George (2010). Robber Baron: Lord Black of Crossharbour. ECW Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-5549-0312-2.
  58. ^ Ross, Val (2009). Robertson Davies: A Portrait in Mosaic. McClelland & Stewart. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-5519-9211-2.
  59. ^ Harrison, Trevor W.; Friesen, John W. (2015). Canadian Society in the Twenty-First Century, 3e: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-5513-0735-0.
  60. ^ Hutchison, Bruce (1985). The unfinished country: to Canada with love and some misgivings. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 40. ISBN 0-8889-4481-0.
  61. ^ "Nancy Bell, 65 independent voice in Senate", Toronto Star, December 1, 1989
  62. ^ a b Jackson, D. Michael (2013). The Crown and Canadian Federalism. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-0990-4. [s]ome people think the NDP may want to get rid of the monarchy but I can assure you that's absolutely not the case. My Dad was a big time monarchist and so am I.
  63. ^ Clarkson, Michael (2010). The Secret Life of Glenn Gould: A Genius in Love. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-5549-0681-9. Glenn was a right winger and a monarchist, said pianist Anton Kuerti, who was friends with Gould and taught Gaylord.
  64. ^ Chrétien, Jean (2018). My Stories, My Times. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-7352-7735-9. Seeing me, she exclaimed, "You again!" I instantly replied, "I am the monarchist from Quebec."
  65. ^ O'Connor, Joe (2 March 2012). "Don Cherry happy Canada finally coming around to his way of thinking". National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2019.
  66. ^ Atwood, Margaret [@MargaretAtwood] (20 May 2013). "Actually I'm a monarchist. Read again. Nobody's suggesting Queen Vic must go. But nice if (real) Canada honoured its treaties" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  67. ^ Wise, Leonard (2017). Charles Pachter: Canada's Artist. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3876-8. Paradox defines him... He's a monarchist who loves royalty, yet he delights in satirizing them.
  68. ^ a b Johnson, David (2018). Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada. Dundurn. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4597-4014-3.
  69. ^ Shore, Cris; Williams, David V. (2019). The Shapeshifting Crown: Locating the State in Postcolonial New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the UK. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-1084-9646-9.
  70. ^ Smith, Jordan Michael (March 2012). "Reinventing Canada: Stephen Harper's Conservative Revolution". World Affairs Journal. World Affairs Institute. Retrieved 2019.
  71. ^ Cosh, Colby (23 July 2013). "God save the constitutional Monarchy: Colby Cosh on why he will take his chances with the Royal Baby as head of state". Maclean's. Rogers Digital Media. Retrieved 2019.
  72. ^ "Meet Ray Novak, the PM's new chief of staff". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 May 2013.
  73. ^ a b c Sáenz Carbonell, Jorge Francisco (1996). Don Joaquín de Oreamuno y Muñoz de la Trinidad. Vida de un monárquico costarricense. Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. ISBN 9789977647845.
  74. ^ de Laubier, Charles (29 July 2017). "Quand de Gaulle faisait discrètement allégeance à la noblesse français". L'Express (in French). Groupe L'Express. Retrieved 2019.
  75. ^ "Charles Maurras on the French Revolution · Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Retrieved 2019.
  76. ^ Nagy, Zsuzsa L. (1983). The liberal opposition in Hungary, 1919-1945. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 51. ISBN 9-6305-2998-X.
  77. ^ Balogh, Margit (2013). "Two Visits -- Two Eras: The Canadian Tours of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty, 1947 and 1973". Hungarian Studies Review. 40 (2): 125.
  78. ^ Bauer, Yehuda (1989). Remembering for the Future: Jews and Christians during and after the Holocaust. 1. Pergamon Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-0803-6754-2.
  79. ^ Nakata, Hiroko (8 May 2007). "Sakurai weighs in on patriotism". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings, Inc. Retrieved 2019.
  80. ^ Clurman, Harold (1998). "The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima". The New York Times. The New York Times Company.
  81. ^ "?wiakowski Aleksy 1895-1953". Parlamentarzy?ci (in Polish). Sejm. 2019. Retrieved 2019.
  82. ^ Adekoya, Remi; Smith, Helena; Davies, Lizzy; Penketh, Anne; Oltermann, Philip (26 May 2014). "Meet the new faces ready to sweep into the European parliament". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2019.
  83. ^ Bennett, Asa; Simons, Ned (20 October 2014). "Ukip's New EU Ally Joked About Wife Beating And Defended Hitler". The Huffington Post UK. Oath Inc.
  84. ^ Powers, Williams F. (13 December 1994). "American Success Tory". The Washington Post. Nash Holdings. Retrieved 2019.
  85. ^ "Uneasy riders". The Economist. The Economist Group. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 2019.
  86. ^ Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-2990-7454-4.
  87. ^ Brooker, Peter; Bru, Sascha; Thacker, Andrew (2013). The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines. Oxford University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-1996-5958-6.
  88. ^ Dix, Steffan (2017). Portuguese Modernisms: Multiple Perspectives in Literature and the Visual Arts. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-3515-5360-5.
  89. ^ Williams, Frederick G. (2006). Poets of Portugal: a bilingual selection of poems from the thirteenth through twentieth centuries. Luso-Brazilian Books. p. 59. ISBN 0-8505-1703-6.
  90. ^ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Machester University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-7190-2797-7.
  91. ^ Morgan, Roger; Claire, Tame (2016). Parliaments and Parties: The European Parliament in the Political Life of Europe. Springer. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-3492-4387-7.
  92. ^ a b c Yasmann, Victor (2 October 2006). "Russia: Monarchist Nostalgia Remains Powerful". Radio Free Europe. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2019.
  93. ^ "Russian Monarchist Withdraws Presidential Bid After Founding 'Romanov Empire' in Africa". The Moscow Times. MoscowTimes LLC. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 2019.
  94. ^ Carroll, Oliver (3 November 2017). "Inside Russia's secretive cult of Tsar worship: How royalism is thriving 100 years after murder of Nicholas II". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 2019.
  95. ^ Balmforth, Tom (6 March 2018). "Claim That Nicholas II Is Weeping Holy Tears In Crimea Prompts Laughter". Radio Free Europe. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2019.
  96. ^ Sokirianskaia, Ekaterina (22 March 2017). "Vladimir Putin has one reliable set of allies: Russia's iron ladies". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2019.
  97. ^ Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (2011). In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. I.B.Tauris. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-8451-1697-2.
  98. ^ Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Volume One: A World Survey. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. p. 91. ISBN 9-0247-1780-9.

External links


  This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Monarchism
 



 



Popular Products
 
Music Scenes
Popular Artists