Muslims
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Muslims

Muslims
Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg
Muslims praying in 1865 Cairo by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Total population
c. 1.8 billion worldwide (2016)[1]
Founder
Muhammad[2]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia225,000,000[3]
 Pakistan208,800,000[4]
 India195,000,000[5]
 Bangladesh151,900,000[6]
99,100,000[7]
 Egypt95,000,000[8]
 Iran82,900,000[9]
 Turkey82,800,000[10]
 China60,000,000--80,000,000[11][12]
 Algeria42,000,000[13]
Religions
80-90% Sunni Islam[14][15]
12-17% Shia Islam[16][17]
~1% Ahmadiyya[18]
~1% Other Muslim traditions, e.g. Ibadi Islam[19]
Scriptures
Quran[20]
Languages
Arabic (also liturgical), Urdu, Bengali, Malay, Persian, Javanese, Punjabi, Turkish, Hausa, Mandarin Chinese & other Sinitic languages and languages of the Muslim world[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
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Islam
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Beliefs
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Muslims (Arabic: ?‎, romanized: Muslim) are people who follow or practice Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. The derivation of "Muslim" is from an Arabic word meaning "submitter (to God)".[28] Muslims consider the Quran, their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).[29]

The beliefs of Muslims include: that God (Arabic: ?‎ Allah) is eternal, transcendent and absolutely one (tawhid); that God is incomparable, self-sustaining and neither begets nor was begotten; that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that has been revealed before through many prophets including Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Moses, and Jesus;[30] that these previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted over time (tahrif)[31] and that the Quran is the final unaltered revelation from God.[32]

As of 2015, 1.8 billion or about 24.1% of the world population are Muslims.[33] By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA),[34] 81% in Central Asia,[35][36] 65% in the Caucasus,[37][38][39][40][41][42] 40% in Southeast Asia,[43][44] 31% in South Asia,[45][46] 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa,[47] 25% in Asia-Oceania,[48] around 6% in Europe,[49] and 1% in the Americas.[50][51][52][53]

Most Muslims are of one of two denominations; Sunni (75-90%)[54] and Shia (12-17%).[16] About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country;[55] 31% of Muslims live in South Asia,[56] the largest population of Muslims in the world;[57] 20% in the Middle East-North Africa,[58] where it is the dominant religion;[59] and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.[60] Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia,[61] the majority in the Caucasus[37][38] and widespread in Southeast Asia.[44]India is the country with the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.[62] Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, China, and Europe.[63][64][65] Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world.[66][67][68]

Qualifier

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), almsgiving (zakat), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.[69][70]

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[71] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: a?hadu ?al-l? ?il?ha ?ill?-ll?hu wa ?a?hadu ?anna mu?ammadan ras?lu-ll?h (? ? ? ?) "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."[72]

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God),[73] which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada.[74] The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahl?l.[75]

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: ? (wa ?al?yyun wal?yyu-ll?h), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".[76]

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).

Etymology

The word muslim (Arabic: ?‎, IPA: ['m?sl?m]; , , or moslem , [77]) is the active participle of the same verb of which isl?m is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact".[78][79] A female adherent is a muslima (Arabic: ‎) (also transliterated as "Muslimah"[80] ). The plural form in Arabic is muslim?n () or muslim?n (), and its feminine equivalent is muslim?t ().

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". The word Mosalman (Persian: ‎, alternatively Mussalman) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans.[81] Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.[82] Other obsolete terms include Muslimite[83] and Muslimist.[84]

Meaning

The Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said:

A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God...Islam means making one's religion and faith God's alone.[85]

Other prophets

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslim?n)." In Muslim belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to Moses, the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.

Demographics

World Muslim population by percentage (2010 data from Pew Research Center)
A map of Muslim populations by absolute number

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,[86] followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), and Egypt (4.9%).[87] About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa.[86][88]

Sizable minorities are also found in India, China, Ethiopia, the Americas, Australia and parts of Europe. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its total population is Morocco.[89]

Over 75-90% of Muslims are Sunni.[14][15] The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10-20%,[16][17] and 1%[18] respectively.

With about 1.8 billion followers (2019), almost a quarter of earth's population,[90] Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world.[91] due primarily to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims,[92] with Muslim having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.[92]

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (or 34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group.[93] The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.[93] About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,[93] and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.[93]

Culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Egyptian, Caucasian, Turkic, Mongol, South Asian, Malay, Somali, Berber, Indonesian, and Moro cultures.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Alford T. Welch, Ahmad S. Moussalli, Gordon D. Newby (2009). "Mu?ammad". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Mu?ammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (ras?l All?h), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  14. ^ a b See:
  15. ^ a b From Sunni Islam: See:
  16. ^ a b c "Shite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 2010. Shites have come to account for roughly one-tenth of the Muslim population worldwide.
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  18. ^ a b See:
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  31. ^ See:
    • Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiyya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
    • Esposito (1998), pp.6,12
    • Esposito (2002b), pp.4-5
    • F. E. Peters (2003), p.9
    • F. Buhl; A. T. Welch. "Muhammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
    • Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. "Tahrif". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
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  71. ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Archived 26 April 2017 at Wikiwix
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  74. ^ Cornell, p. 9
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  78. ^ Burns & Ralph, World Civilizations, 5th ed., p. 371.
  79. ^ Entry for ?lm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1.
  80. ^ Muslimah Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2016
  81. ^ See for instance the second edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H. W. Fowler, revised by Ernest Gowers (Oxford, 1965).
  82. ^ Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1969). Mohammedanism: an historical survey. Oxford University Press. p. 1. Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.
  83. ^ "Muslimite". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  84. ^ Abbas, Tahir (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure. pp. 50.
  85. ^ Commentary on the Qur'an, Razi, I, p. 432, Cairo, 1318/1900
  86. ^ a b "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 2017. Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims.
  87. ^ "Number of Muslim by country". nationmaster.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 2007.
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External links


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