Orange oil is an essential oil produced by cells within the rind of an orange fruit (Citrus sinensis fruit). In contrast to most essential oils, it is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation, producing a cold-pressed oil.[1] It is composed of mostly (greater than 90%) d-limonene,[2] and is often used in place of pure d-limonene. D-limonene can be extracted from the oil by distillation.
Composition
The compounds inside an orange oil varies with each different oil extraction. Composition variety happens as a result of regional and seasonal changes as well as the method used for extraction. Several hundred compounds have been identified with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Most of the substances in the oil belong to the terpene group with limonene being the dominant one. Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon alcohols and aldehydes like 1-octanol and octanal are second important group of substances.
| Compound | Italian Orange Oil[3] Concentration [%] | Valencia orange oil[4] Concentration [%] | Valencia orange oil[5] Concentration [%] | Valencia orange oil[6] Concentration [%] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limonene | 93.67 | 91.4 | 95.17 | 97.0 |
| ?-Pinene | 0.65 | 1.4 | 0.42 | - |
| Sabinene and ?-Pinene | 1.00 | 0.4 | 0.24 | - |
| Myrcene | 2.09 | 4.3 | 1.86 | 0.03 |
| Octanal | 0.41 | - | - | - |
| Linalool | 0.31 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.3 |
| ?-3-Carene | 0.31 | - | - | - |
| Decanal | 0.27 | 0.4 | 0.28 | - |
The presence of sinensetin explains the orange color.[7]
Use
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Orange oil is used as a cleaner. It is also used as an additive to certain wax finish/polish such as Howard's Feed-N-Wax Wood Polish & Conditioner.
Biological pest control
Orange oil can be used in green pesticides for biological pest control. It can kill ants, and by erasing their scent-pheromone trail indicators disrupts re-infestation.[8]
Orange oil is also known to be useful to control, but not exterminate Drywood termites (Incisitermes.), killing only those who come into direct contact with it.[9]
Hazards
The limonene which is the main component of the oil is a mild irritant, as it dissolves protective skin oils. Limonene and its oxidation products are skin irritants, and limonene-1,2-oxide (formed by aerial oxidation) is a known skin sensitizer. Most reported cases of irritation have involved long-term industrial exposure to the pure compound, e.g. during degreasing or the preparation of paints. However a study of patients presenting dermatitis showed that 3% were sensitized to limonene.
Limonene has been observed to cause cancer in male rats, by reacting with ?2u-globulin, which is not produced by female rats. There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity in humans. The IARC classifies d-limonene under Class 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.[]
Limonene is also flammable.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Dominic W. S. Wong (1989). Mechanism and theory in food chemistry. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 0-442-20753-0.
- ^ K. Bauer, D. Garbe, and H. Surburg, "Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials", 4th Ed, Wiley VCH, 2001, ISBN 3-527-30364-2. 189.
- ^ A. Verzera; A. Trozzi; G. Dugo; G. Di Bella; A. Cotroneo (2004). "Biological lemon and sweet orange essential oil composition". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 19 (6): 544-548. doi:10.1002/ffj.1348.
- ^ Pino, J.; Sánchez, M.; Sánchez, R.; Roncal, E. (1992). "Chemical composition of orange oil concentrates". Food/Nahrung. 36 (6): 539-542. doi:10.1002/food.19920360604.
- ^ J. D. Vora; R. F. Matthews; P. G. Crandall; R. Cook (1983). "Preparation and Chemical Composition of Orange Oil Concentrates". Journal of Food Science. 48 (4): 1197-1199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb09190.x.
- ^ R. L. Colman; E. D. Lund; M. G. Moshonas (1969). "Composition of Orange Essence Oil". Journal of Food Science. 34 (6): 610-611. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1969.tb12102.x.
- ^ Steinke, K., Jose, E., Sicker, D., Siehl, H.-U., Zeller, K.-P. and Berger, S. (2013), Sinensetin. Chemie in unserer Zeit, 47: 158-163. doi:10.1002/ciuz.201300627
- ^ "A Review of "Organic" and Other Alternative Methods for Fire Ant Control" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
- ^ https://insectcop.net/orange-oil-termite-treatment-is-it-effective/
- ^ "Safety data (MSDS) for limonene". Fisher Scientific UK. Retrieved 2015.
External links
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