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Avon
	Rolls-Royce Avon
Type	Turbojet
	United Kingdom
Manufacturer	Rolls-Royce Limited
First run	Spring 1946
	CAC Sabre; de Havilland Comet; de Havilland Sea Vixen; English Electric Canberra; English Electric Lightning; Hawker Hunter; Saab 35 Draken; Sud Aviation Caravelle; Vickers Valiant;
	>11,000

The Rolls-Royce Avon was the first axial flow jet engine designed and produced by Rolls-Royce. Introduced in 1950, the engine went on to become one of their most successful post-World War II engine designs. It was used in a wide variety of aircraft, both military and civilian, as well as versions for stationary and maritime power.

An English Electric Canberra powered by two Avons made the first un-refuelled non-stop transatlantic flight by a jet, and a BOAC de Havilland Comet 4 powered by four Avons made the first scheduled transatlantic crossing by a jet airliner.

Production of the Avon aero engine version ended after 24 years in 1974.^[1] Production of the Avon derived industrial version, currently produced by Siemens, continues to this day.

The current version of the Avon, the Avon 200, is an industrial gas generator that is rated at 21-22,000 shp. As of 2011, 1,200 Industrial Avons have been sold, and the type has established a 60,000,000 hour record for its class.^[2]

Design and development

The engine was initially a private venture put forward for the English Electric Canberra.^[3] Originally known as the AJ.65 for Axial Jet, 6,500 lbf the engine was based on an initial project concept by Alan Arnold Griffith.^[4] which combined an axial compressor with a combustion system and single-stage turbine using principles proven in the Rolls-Royce Nene engine.

Design work began in 1945. The Avon design team was initially headed by Stanley Hooker assisted by Geoff Wilde. Development of the engine was moved from Barnoldswick to Derby in 1948 and Hooker subsequently left the company, moving to Bristol Engines.^[4]

The first engine ran on 25 March 1947, with a 12-stage compressor. The engine was difficult to start, would not accelerate and broke first-stage blades.^[4] Two-position inlet guide vanes and compressor bleed were among the design changes which allowed the engine, as the RA.2, to run a 25-hour test^[3] and fly in the two outboard positions on the converted Avro Lancastrian military serial VM732, from Hucknall on 15 August 1948.

The first production engine, which needed a two-stage turbine, was the RA.3, or Avon Mk 101. Several modified versions of this design were produced in the Mk. 100 series.

The Avon 200 series was a complete redesign having very little in common with earlier Marks. Differences included a completely new combustion section and a 15-stage compressor based on that of the Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphire.^[1] The first application was the Vickers Valiant.

Operational history

A Mark 122 - The rear fuselage of the Hawker Hunter can be removed for engine maintenance

The engine entered production in 1950 as the RA.3/Mk.101 with 6,500 lbf (29 kN) thrust in the English Electric Canberra B.2.^[1] Similar versions were used in the Canberra B.6, Hawker Hunter and Supermarine Swift. Uprated versions followed, the RA.7/Mk.114 with 7,350 lbf (32,700 N) thrust in the de Havilland Comet C.2, the RA.14/Mk.201, 9,500 lbf (42 kN) in the Vickers Valiant and the RA.26, 10,000 lbf (44 kN) used in the Comet C.3 and Hawker Hunter F.6. An Avon-powered de Havilland Comet 4 flew the first scheduled transatlantic jet service in 1958. The highest thrust version was the RA.29 Mk.301/2 (RB.146) used in later versions of the English Electric Lightning. It produced 12,690 lbf (56,450 N) and 17,110 lbf (72,770 N)^[5] with afterburning. Other aircraft to use the Avon included the de Havilland Sea Vixen, Supermarine Scimitar and Fairey Delta2.

The RA.3/Mk.109 was produced under licence by Svenska Flygmotor as the RM5, and an uprated RA.29 as the RM6 with 17,110 lbf (76,110 N) thrust. The RM5 powered the Saab 32 Lansen and the RM6 powered the Saab 35 Draken and all-weather fighter version of the Lansen (J 32B).

300 Avon 113s, and a larger number of Avon 203s^[6] were produced under licence in Belgium by Fabrique Nationale.

In the US the RA.28-49 was used in the VTOL Ryan X-13 Vertijet aircraft.

In Australia, the Avon was used by Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation in the CA-27 Avon-Sabre.

The Avon continued in production for the Sud Aviation Caravelle and English Electric (BAC) Lightning until 1974, by which time over 11,000 had been built. It remained in operational service with the RAF until 23 June 2006 in the English Electric Canberra PR.9.

Initial design work was done on the 2-spool RB.106/RB.128 as an Avon successor for large supersonic fighters.^[4]

Variants

Rolls Royce Avon RA.3 Mk.101 at RAF Museum Cosford

AJ65

The original designation, standing for Axial Jet 6,500 lbf thrust

RA.1

Prototype engines for testing and development.

RA.2

Pre-production engines for testing. 6,000 lbf (26.69 kN)

RA.3

Civil designation for the first Avon production mark - 6,500 lbf (28.91 kN).

RA.7

Civil designation for the uprated version of the Avon. - 7,350 lbf (32.69 kN).

RA.7R

The RA.7 with reheat

RA.14

Civil designation for the uprated version of the Avon with can-annular combustion chamber and Sapphire style compressor - 9,500 lbf (42.26 kN).

RA.21

8,050 lbf (35.81 kN) Production engine developed from the RA.7.

RA.24

RA.24R

RA.25

Civil Mk.503

RA.26

Further improvements to the Avon 200 series - Civil Mk.521

RA.28

Second generation variant 10,000 lbf (44.48 kN)

RA.29

Civil designation for the Mk.300 series (used by the Sud Aviation Caravelle)

RA.29/1

RA.29/3

RA.29/6

Mk.100 series

Military designation for the RA.3 Avon - 6,500 lbf (28.91 kN).

Mk.113

Mk.114

Military designation for the RA.7 Avon - 7,350 lbf (32.69 kN).

Mk.115

Mk.117

Mk.118

Mk.200 series

Military designation for the uprated version of the Avon with can-annular combustion chamber and Sapphire style compressor - 9,500 lbf (42.26 kN).

Mk.300 series

Developed after-burning engines for the English Electric Lightning.

RB.146 Mk.301:The ultimate Military Avon for the English Electric Lightning - 12,690 lbf (56.45 kN) dry, 17,110 lbf (76.11 kN) wet.^[5]

RB.146 Mk.302:Essentially similar to the Mk.301

Avon 504: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 506: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 521
Avon 522: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 524: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 524B: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 525: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 525B: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 527: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 527B: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 530
Avon 531: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 531B: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 532R: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 532R-B: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 533R: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 533R-11A: Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Svenska Flygmotor RM5: Licence production of the RA.3/Mk.109 for the Saab 32 Lansen
Svenska Flygmotor RM5A
Svenska Flygmotor RM6A: Uprated RA.29/Mk.300, with Swedish designed afterburner, for the Saab Draken - 15,000 lbf (66.72 kN) wet.
Svenska Flygmotor RM6B: 16,000 lbf (71.17 kN) wet.
Svenska Flygmotor RM6C: 17,600 lbf (78.29 kN) wet.
Westinghouse XJ54: Avon 300-series scaled-down by Westinghouse to 105 lb/sec airflow to produce 6,200 lb thrust.^[7]

Applications

Military aviation

Civil aviation

Other uses

The Avon is also currently marketed as a compact, high reliability, stationary power source. As the AVON 1533, it has a maximum continuous output of 21,480 shp (16.02 MW) at 7,900 rpm and a thermal efficiency of 30%. An example can be found at Didcot Power Station in the United Kingdom where four Avon generators are used to provide Black start services to assist in a restart of the National Grid in the event of a system-wide failure, or to provide additional generating capacity in period of very high demand.^[]
As a compact electrical generator, the type EAS1 Avon based generator can generate a continuous output of 14.9 MW.^[]
On 4 October 1983, Richard Noble's Thrust2 vehicle, powered by a single Rolls-Royce Avon 302 jet engine, set a new land-speed record of 1,019.46 km/h (633.46 mph) at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.^[]

Survivors

Several Avon-powered Hawker Hunter aircraft remain airworthy in private ownership in 2010.^[8]
Thunder City in South Africa as of 2011 operated two Avon-powered English Electric Lightnings.^[9]

Engines on display

This is the Rolls Royce Avon engine on display at the Temora aviation museum, Australia

A Mk 524 Avon has been restored at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina by the Museum Friend's Association in Moron, Argentina and is now on display.
An Avon Mk.203 was donated by Rolls-Royce to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in July 1986 for public display.^[10]
A Rolls-Royce Avon is on public display at the Midland Air Museum.^[11]
A preserved Rolls-Royce Avon Mk.203 is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London.^[12]
A partially sectioned Mk.101 Avon is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford.^[13]
A Rolls-Royce Avon is on display at the Australian National Aviation Museum, Moorabbin, Victoria, Australia
A Rolls-Royce Avon is on public display at East Midlands Aeropark
A Rolls-Royce Avon is on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at RNAS Yeovilton.
Several RR Avon engines are on display at the Queensland Air Museum, Caloundra, Australia
A Rolls-Royce Avon engine is on public display at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society museum at Illawarra Regional Airport, New South Wales, Australia.
A Rolls-Royce Avon engine is on public display at the Parkes Aviation Museum in Parkes, New South Wales, Australia.
A Rolls-Royce Avon is on display at the Classic Flyers Aircraft Museum, Mt Maunganui, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand.
A Rolls Royce Avon Mk.26 is on display at Mikes Dyno Tuning and Performance Engines, Dandenong, Victoria, Australia
A Rolls Royce Avon (GAF) is on display at the South Australian Aviation Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia.

Specifications (Avon 301R)

Data from "Lightning F.6 Avon 301R Specs". lightning.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008.

General characteristics

Type: turbojet
Length: 126 in (3,200 mm)
Diameter: 35.7 in (907 mm)
Dry weight: 2,890 lb (1,310 kg)

Components

Compressor: 15-stage axial flow
Combustors: cannular, 150 lb/s (68 kg/s)
Turbine: two-stage axial flow
Fuel type: kerosene

Performance

Maximum thrust: 12,690 lbf (56.4 kN) dry, 16,360 lbf (72.8 kN) with reheat
Overall pressure ratio: 7.45:1
Specific fuel consumption: 0.932 lb/(lbf?h) or 26.4 g/(kN?s) (dry); 1.853 lb/(lbf?h) or 52.5 g/(kN?s) (wet)^[14]
Thrust-to-weight ratio: 5.66

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Gunston 1989, p. 149.
^ "Avon 200". Rolls-Royce. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Rolls-Royce Aero Engines" Gunston, Bill, Patrick Stephens Limited 1989, ISBN 1-85260-037-3, p.131,132,133
^ ^a ^b "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.195
^ "hispano suiza | canadian pratt | flight international | 1962 | 1011 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 28 June 1962. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 2013.
^ "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006
^ G-INFO Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine www.caa.co.uk Retrieved:27 January 2010
^ Thunder City - Aircraft Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine www.thundercity.com Retrieved:27 January 2010
^ USAF Museum www.nationalmuseum.af.mil Retrieved: 16 July 2017
^ Midland Air Museum - Aircraft Archived 3 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine www.midlandairmuseum.co.uk Retrieved: 27 January 2010
^ RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010
^ RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010
^ Avon RB.146 Mk.301 Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
"Rolls-Royce Avon", Flight, 1955
Kay, Anthony L. (2007). Turbojet History and Development 1930-1960. 1 (1st ed.). Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-912-6.

External links

The fascinating story of the Rolls Royce Avon turbojet engine, the first Rolls Royce axial flow turbojet
National Museum of USAF - Avon MK 203 Turbojet
"Rolls-Royce Avon" a 1955 Flight article on the Avon
"Rolls-Royce Avon 200 Series" a 1957 Flight article

[Gunston149-1] Gunston 1989, p. 149.

[2] "Avon 200". Rolls-Royce. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2013.

[flightglobal.com-3] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[gunston-4] "Rolls-Royce Aero Engines" Gunston, Bill, Patrick Stephens Limited 1989, ISBN 1-85260-037-3, p.131,132,133

[Sutton_Publishing_2006,_p.195-5] "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.195

[6] "hispano suiza | canadian pratt | flight international | 1962 | 1011 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 28 June 1962. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 2013.

[7] "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006

[8] G-INFO Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine www.caa.co.uk Retrieved:27 January 2010

[9] Thunder City - Aircraft Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine www.thundercity.com Retrieved:27 January 2010

[10] USAF Museum www.nationalmuseum.af.mil Retrieved: 16 July 2017

[11] Midland Air Museum - Aircraft Archived 3 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine www.midlandairmuseum.co.uk Retrieved: 27 January 2010

[12] RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010

[13] RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010

[14] Avon RB.146 Mk.301 Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine

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