Royal and Noble Ranks
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Royal and Noble Ranks

Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences.[vague]

Ranks and title

Sovereign

  • The word monarch is derived from the Greek , monárkh?s, "sole ruler" (from , mónos, "single" or "sole", and , árkh?n, archon, "leader", "ruler", "chief", the word being the present participle of the verb , árkhein, "to rule", "to lead", this from the noun ?, arkh?, "beginning", "authority", "principle") through the Latinized form monarcha.
  • The word sovereign is derived from the Latin above.
  • Autocrat is derived from the Greek ?: ("self") and ? ("to hold power"), and may be translated as "one who rules by himself".

Common titles for European and Near Eastern monarchs

Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles - non-sovereigns - depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial (Emperor, Empress, etc.), high royal (King of Kings etc.), royal (King/Queen, sovereign Grand Duke or Grand Prince, etc.), others (sovereign Prince, sovereign Duke, etc.), and religious.

Imperial titles
  • "Emperor", from the Latin, 'imperator,' which was originally a military title[1] . Soldiers would salute the leader of a victorious army as 'imperator.'. In English, the feminine form is Empress (the Latin is imperatrix). The realm of an emperor or empress is termed an Empire. Other words meaning Emperor include:
    • Caesar, the appellation of Roman emperors derived from the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, whose great-nephew and adopted son Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus became the first emperor of Rome. Augustus' four successors were each made the adoptive son of his predecessor, and were therefore legally entitled to use "Caesar" as a constituent of their names; after Nero, however, the familial link of the Julio-Claudian dynasty was disrupted and use of the word Caesar continued as a title only.
    • Kaiser, derived from Caesar, primarily used in Germanic countries.
    • Augustus, A Roman Honoriffic which means Venerable or Majestic used by Roman Emperors from the Beginning of the Empire onwards
    • Basileus kai Autokrator, Medieval Greek title meaning "sovereign and autocrat", used by the Roman emperors from the 9th century onwards.
    • Tsar / Tzar / Csar / Czar, derived as shortened variant of the Slavic pronunciation of Caesar (tsyasar), the feminine form Tsaritsa, primarily used in Bulgaria, and after that in Russia and other Slavic countries.
    • Huangdi (), the Imperial monarch during Imperial China.
    • Samrat, (Sanskrit: samr?t or ) is an ancient Indian title meaning 'A paramount sovereign, universal lord'.[2] The feminine form is Samr?jñ? or ?.
    • Swargadeo (Assamese:), from the Assamese Swarga (heaven) and deo (messiah or angel), Signifying the divine ruler whom the people of Assam adore as the supreme, sovereign emperor of Ahom Kingdom
    • Chhatrapati (Devanagari), from the Sanskrit chatra (parasol) and pati (master or lord), signifying a king over whom an umbrella is carried as a mark of dignity, a sovereign, emperor.[3] The term was adopted by Maratha ruler Shivaji as his title in the 17th century in Early Modern India.
    • Sapa Inca, The Sapa Inca (Hispanicized spelling) or Sapa Inka (Quechua for "the only Inca"), also known as Apu ("divinity"), Inka Qhapaq ("mighty Inca"), or simply Sapa ("the only one"), was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and, later, the Emperor of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) and the Neo-Inca State.
    • Tenn?, which means "heavenly sovereign" in Japanese. Is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people. Historically, he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion as he and his family are said to be the direct descendants of the sun-goddess Amaterasu
    • Mansa, title of the rulers of the Mali Empire, meaning "Emperor", "Sultan (King)", or "Conqueror".
    • Tsenpo, also known as Ihase or "Divine Son", was the title of emperors of the Tibetan Empire.
    • Chanyu, short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu () was a title used by supreme nomadic rulers of Inner Asia. Meaning "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North", it was later superseded by the title Khagan.
High royal titles
Royal titles
  • King, from the Germanic *kuningaz, roughly meaning "son of the people." (See: Germanic kingship)[a] The realm of a King is termed a Kingdom (sovereign kings are ranked above vassal kings)
    • Rex Latin for "ruler". Cognate with Raja, Rí, Reign, Regina, etc.
    • Basileus, from Mycenaean Greek meaning "chieftain", used by various Ancient Greek rulers.
    • Negus is a royal title in the Ethiopian
    • Arka is a royal title (King) in Great Armenia
    • Tagavor is a royal title (King) in Cilician Armenia
    • Melech, ancient Hebrew king.
    • Wang (?)), the head of state of Ancient China.
    • Król (in Polish) Král (in Czech), Király (in Hungarian), (in Russian), ? (in Serbian), ? (in Bulgarian), Korol - Derived from Old East Slavic king, used in Ukrainian, Kazakh, Tatar, and Kyrgyz languages. The korol, krol, kral, ? and kiraly versions used in Central and Eastern Europe derive from the name of Charlemagne.
    • Raja, Sanskrit, later Hindustani, for "ruler or king". Cognate with Latin Rex, Gaelic Rí, etc.
    • Rana, was used to be a title for martial sovereignty of Rajput rulers in the Indian subcontinent.
    • Deshmukh, Marathi for "ruler and king."
    • Rí, Gaelic title meaning king, of which there were several grades, the highest being Ard Rí (High king). Cognate with Indian Raja, Latin Rex, and ancient Gaulish rix.
    • Khan, from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord," like Duke it was originally a military rank. A Khan's realm is called a Khanate.
    • Eze, the Igbo word for the King or Ruler of a kingdom or city-state. It is cognate with Obi and Igwe.
    • Oba, the Yoruba word for King or Ruler of a kingdom or city-state. It is used across all the traditional Yoruba lands, as well as by the Edo, throughout Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.
    • Kabaka, King of Buganda, a realm within Uganda in East Africa.
    • Shah, Persian word for King, from Indo-European for "he who rules". Used in Persia, alongside Shahanshah (see above). The title of the sons of a Shah is Shahzade / Shahzadeh.
    • Sultan, from Arabic and originally referring to one who had "power", more recently used as synonym for King.
    • Malik, Arabic for King.
    • Tlatoani, Ruler of the atlepetl or city state in ancient Mexico. Title of the Aztec Emperors. The word literally means "speaker" in Nahuatl, but may be translated into English as "king".
    • Ajaw, In Maya meaning "lord", "ruler", "king" or "leader". Was the title of the ruler in the Classic Maya polity. A variant being the title of K'inich Ajaw or "Great Sun King" as it was used to refer to the founder of the Copán dynasty, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'.
    • Halach Uinik, In Maya meaning "real man", "person of fact" or "person of command". Was the title of the ruler in the Post-Classic Maya polity (Kuchkabal).
    • Datu in the Visayas and Mindanao which, together with the term Raja ( in the Rajahnate of Cebu and Kingdom of Maynila) and Lakan (title widely used on the island of Luzon), are the Filipino equivalents of "sovereign prince" and thus, glossed as "king". (Cf. also Principalía -- the hispanized and Christianized Datu class during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.)[4][5]
    • Tuanku, literally "My Lord", the title of the kings of the nine Royal states of Malaysia; all princes and princesses of the Royal Families also receive the appellation Tengku,
    • Mwami in Rwanda
    • Maad a Sinig, King of Sine, a pre-colonial kingdom of the Serer people. From the old Serer title "Maad" (king).
    • Maad Saloum, King of Saloum, a pre-colonial kingdom of the Serer people.
    • Ratu, A Fijian chiefly title that is also found in Javanese culture.
    • Susuhunan, "he to whom homage is paid", title of the Javanese monarch of the Surakarta Sunanate.
    • Teigne, King of Baol, previously a pre-colonial Serer kingdom.
    • Nizam, The word is derived from the Arabic language Niz?m (?), meaning order, arrangement. Niz?m-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to mean Governor of the realm or Deputy for the Whole Empire.
    • Lugal, is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man."[6]
  • Queen, from the Germanic *kwoeniz, or *kwenon, "wife"; cognate of Greek ?, gyn?, "woman"; from PIE *gn, "woman". The female equivalent of a King, or the consort of a King; a Queen's realm is also a kingdom.
    • Rani, Hindi for Queen. See Raja, above.
    • Shahbanu, Persian for Empress. See Shah, above.
    • Sultana, Arabic for Queen. See Sultan, above.
    • Malika, Arabic for Queen.
    • Malka, ancient Hebrew Queen.
    • Ix-ajaw, See Ajaw above, it was a title was also given to women, though generally prefixed with the sign Ix ("woman") to indicate their gender.
    • Dayang, Filipino feminine equivalent of "Datu". See Datu
    • Hara, Filipino feminine equivalent of "Raha". See Raja, above.
  • Sovereign Grand Dukes or Grand Princes are considered to be part of the reigning nobility ("Royalty", in German Hochadel; their correct form of address is "Royal Highness")[7]
Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles
  • Prince, from the Latin princeps, meaning "first citizen". The feminine form is Princess. Variant forms include the German Fürst and Russian Tsarevich (?) and the feminine form Tsarevna (?).
    • Bai, Filipino feminine equivalent of a prince.
    • Ampuan, Maranao royal title which literally means "The One to whom one asks for apology"
    • Ginoo, Ancient Filipino equivalent to noble man or prince (now used in the form "Ginoóng" as the analogue to "mister").
    • Pillai, Ancient South Indian Title meaning "child", Prince for junior children of Emperors[8]
    • Morza, a Tartar title usually translated as "prince", it ranked below a Khan. The title was borrowed from Persian and Indian appellation Mirza added to the names of certain nobles, which itself derived from Emir.
    • Knyaz, a title found in most Slavic languages, denoting a ruling or noble rank. It is usually translated into English as "Prince".
  • Despot, Greek for "lord, master", initially an appellation for the Byzantine emperor, later the senior court title, awarded to sons and close relatives of the emperor. In the 13th-15th centuries borne by autonomous and independent rulers in the Balkans.
  • Duke, from the Latin Dux, meaning "leader," a military rank in the late Roman Empire. Variant forms include Doge, and Duce; it has also been modified into Archduke (meaning "chief" Duke), Grand Duke (literally "large," or "big" Duke; see above under royal titles), Vice Duke ("deputy" Duke), etc. The female equivalent is Duchess.
  • Sheikh, is often used as a title for Arab royal families. Some Emirs of the Arabian Peninsula use the title Sheikh ("elder" or "lord"), as do other members of the extended family.
  • Emir, often rendered Amir in older English usage; from the Arabic "to command." The female form is Emira (Amirah). Emir is the root of the naval rank "Admiral"
  • Mir, According to the book Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments, Mir is most probably an Arabized form of Pir. Pir in Old Persian and Sanskrit means the old, the wise man, the chief and the great leader. It was Arabized as Mir then, with Al(A) (Arabic definite article), it was pronounced as Amir.
  • Bey, or Beg/Baig, Turkish for "Chieftain."
  • Buumi, first in line to the throne in Serer pre-colonial kingdoms.
  • Thilas, second in line to the throne in Serer pre-colonial kingdoms.
  • Loul, third in line to the throne in Serer country.
  • Dey, title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers and Tripoli under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards.
  • Sahib, name of Arabic origin meaning "holder, master or owner."
  • Zamindar, were considered to be equivalent to lords and barons in some cases they were seen as independent, sovereign princes.
  • Jagir, also spelled as Jageer (Devanagari?, Persian?, ja- meaning "place", -gir meaning "keeping, holding") The feudal owner/lord of the Jagir were called Jagirdar or Jageerdar
  • Sardar, also spelled as Sirdar, Sardaar or Serdar, is a title of nobility (sir-, sar/sair- means "head or authority" and -d?r means "holder" in Sanskrit and Avestan)
Tribal titles
Religious titles
  • Caliph, was the ruler of the caliphate, an Islamic title indicating the successor to Muhammad. Both a religious and a secular leader; the Caliph was the secular head of the international Muslim community, as a nation. To claim the Caliphate was, theoretically, to claim stewardship over Muslims on earth, under the sovereignty of Allah. (See Amir al-Mu'minin above). This did not necessarily mean that the Caliph was himself the supreme authority on Islamic law or theology; that still fell to the Ulema. The role of the Caliph was to oversee and take responsibility for the Muslim community's political and governmental needs (both within and beyond the borders of his territorial realm), rather than to himself determine matters of doctrine, like the Pope.
  • Dalai Lama, the highest authority in Tibetan (or more specifically Gelug) Buddhism and a symbol of the unification of Tibet, said to belong to a line of reincarnations of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Among other incarnate Tibetan lamas, the second highest Gelug prelate is the Panchen Lama. From the time of the Fifth Dalai Lama until 1950 the Dalai Lamas effectively ruled Tibet. The chief of the rival Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism is the Karmapa.
  • Pope, derived from Latin and Italian papa, the familiar form of "father" (also "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church and Vicar of Christ"); once wielding substantial secular power as the ruler of the Papal States and leader of Christendom, the Pope is also the absolute ruler of the sovereign state Vatican City. Also the title of the leader of the Coptic Church.
  • Catholicos is the Chief Bishop, Patriarch of the Armenian Orthodox Church. The earliest ecclesiastical use of the title Catholicos was by the Bishop of Armenia, head of the Armenian Orthodox Apostolic Church, in the 4th century
  • Saltigue, the high priests and priestesses of the Serer people. They are the diviners in Serer religion.

Other sovereigns, royalty, peers, and major nobility

Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Several of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).

Titles

  • Archduke, ruler of an archduchy; used exclusively by the Habsburg dynasty and its junior branch of Habsburg-Lorraine which ruled the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806), the Austrian Empire (1804-1867), and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918) for imperial family members of the dynasty, each retaining it as a subsidiary title when founding sovereign cadet branches by acquiring thrones under different titles (e.g., Tuscany, Modena); it was also used for those ruling some Habsburg territories such as those that became the modern so-called "Benelux" nations (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg); The title was created in 1358 by the Habsburgs themselves to establish a precedence of their princes over the other titleholders of high nobility of the era; therefore the rank was not recognized by the other ruling dynasties until 1453[9]
  • Grand Duke, ruler of a grand duchy; nowadays considered to be in precedence the third highest monarchial rank in the western world, after "Emperor" and "King" or "Queen"
  • Grand Prince (Velikiy Knyaz), ruler of a grand principality; a title primarily used in the medieval Kyivan Rus' principalities; It was also used by the Romanovs of the Russian Empire for members of the imperial family, although then it is more commonly translated into English as Grand Duke
  • Duke (Herzog in German), ruler[a] of a duchy;[b] also for junior members of ducal and some grand ducal families
  • Prince (Prinz in German), junior members of a royal, grand ducal, ruling ducal or princely, or mediatised family. The title of Fürst was usually reserved, from the 19th century, for rulers of principalities--the smallest sovereign entities (e.g., Liechtenstein, Lippe, Schwarzburg, Waldeck-and-Pyrmont)--and for heads of high-ranking, noble but non-ruling families (Bismarck, Clary und Aldringen, Dietrichstein, Henckel von Donnersmarck, Kinsky, Paar, Pless, Thun und Hohenstein, etc.). Cadets of these latter families were generally not allowed to use Prinz, being accorded only the style of count (Graf) or, occasionally, that of Fürst (Wrede, Urach) even though it was also a ruling title. Exceptional use of Prinz was permitted for some morganatic families (e.g., Battenberg, Montenuovo) and a few others (Carolath-Beuthen, Biron von Kurland).
    • In particular, Crown prince (Kronprinz in German) was reserved for the heir apparent of an emperor or king
    • Ban, noble title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.
  • Dauphin, title of the heir apparent of the royal family of France, as he was the de jure ruler of the Dauphiné region in southeastern France (under the authority of the King)
  • Infante, title of the cadet members of the royal families of Portugal and Spain
  • Królewicz, title used by the children of the monarchs of Poland and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  • Elector (Kurfürst in German), a rank for those who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, usually sovereign of a state (e.g. the Margrave of Brandenburg, an elector, called the Elector of Brandenburg)
  • Marquess, Margrave, or Marquis (literally "Count of a March" (=Border territory)) was the ruler of a marquessate, margraviate, or march
  • Landgrave (literally "Land Count"), a German title, ruler of a landgraviate
  • Count, theoretically the ruler of a county; known as an Earl in modern Britain; known as a Graf in German, known as a Serdar in Montenegro and Serbia
    • ?upan, noble and administrative title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 21st century.
    • Ispán, leader of a castle district (a fortress and the royal lands attached to it) in the Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century.
  • Principal (m.)/Principala (f.), a person belonging to the aristocratic ruling class of Filipino nobles called Principalía, roughly equivalent to ancient Roman Patricians, through whom the Spanish Monarchs ruled the Philippines during the colonial period (c. 1600s to 1898).[10][11]
  • Viscount (vice-count), theoretically the ruler of a viscounty, which did not develop into a hereditary title until much later.[12] In the case of French viscounts, it is customary to leave the title untranslated as vicomte [vi.kt].
  • Primor, a Hungarian noble title, originally the highest rank of Székely nobility, usually compared to baron (or less commonly, count).[13] Originally, primores could de jure not be evicted from his fiefdom, even by the King of Hungary (although such instances did occur).[14]
  • Freiherr, a German word meaning literally "Free Master" or "Free Lord" (i.e. not subdued to feudal chores or drudgery), is the German equivalent of the English term "Baron", with the important difference that unlike the British Baron, he is not a "Peer of the Realm" (member of the high aristocracy)[15]
  • Baron, theoretically the ruler of a barony - some barons in some countries may have been "free barons" (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons.
  • Rais, is a used by the rulers of Arab states and South Asia.
  • Yuvraj, is an Indian title for crown prince, the heir apparent to the throne of an Indian (notably Hindu) kingdom
  • Subahdar, is normally appointed from the Mughal princes or the officers holding the highest mansabs.

Usages of the titles of Grand Duke, Duke and Prince

In all European countries, the sovereign Grand Duke (or Grand Prince in some eastern European languages) is considered the third-highest monarchic title in precedence, after Emperor and King.

In Germany, a sovereign Duke (Herzog) outranks a sovereign prince (Fürst). A cadet prince (Prinz) who belongs to an imperial or royal dynasty, however, may outrank a duke who is the cadet of a reigning house, e.g., Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Mecklenburg or Oldenburg.

The children of a sovereign Grand Duke may be titled "Prince" (Luxembourg, Tuscany, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar) or "Duke" (Oldenburg) in accordance with the customs of the dynasty. The heir of the throne of a Grand Duchy is titled "Hereditary Grand Duke", as soon as he reaches the full legal age (majority).

Children of a sovereign (i.e., ruling) Duke and of a ruling Prince (Fürst) were, however, all titled prince (Prinz).

The heir apparent to a ruling or mediatised title would usually prepend the prefix Erb- (hereditary) to his or her title, e.g., Erbherzog, Erbprinz, Erbgraf, to distinguish their status from that of their junior siblings.

Children of a mediatised Fürst were either Prinzen or Grafen (counts), depending upon whether the princely title was limited to descent by masculine primogeniture or not. In the German non-sovereign nobility, a Duke (Herzog) still ranked higher than a Prince (Fürst).

Minor nobility, gentry, and other aristocracy

The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility (listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations. Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor nobility or gentry that are listed below.

Titles

  • Baronet is a hereditary title ranking below Baron but above Knight; this title is granted only in the British Isles and does not confer nobility. Ritter in German lands is the equivalent.
  • Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (equivalent of Lord)
  • Vidame, a minor French aristocrat
  • Vavasour, also a petty French feudal lord
  • Seigneur or Lord of the manor rules a smaller local fief
  • Knight is the central rank of the Medieval aristocratic system in Europe (and having its equivalents elsewhere), usually ranking at or near the top of the Minor Nobility
  • Patrician is a dignity of minor nobility or gentry (most often being hereditary) usually ranking below Knight but above Esquire
  • Fidalgo or Hidalgo is a minor Portuguese and Spanish aristocrat (respectively; from filho d'algo / hijo de algo, lit. "son of something")
  • Nobile is an Italian title of nobility for prestigious families that never received a title
  • Edler is a minor aristocrat in Germany and Austria during those countries' respective imperial periods.
  • Jonkheer is an honorific for members of noble Dutch families that never received a title. An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw, though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes, Freule, which could also be used by daughters of the same.
  • Junker is a German noble honorific, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord"
  • Skartabel is a minor Polish aristocrat.
  • Scottish Baron is a hereditary feudal nobility dignity, outside the Scots peerage, recognised by Lord Lyon as a member of the Scots noblesse and ranking below a Knight but above a Scottish Laird[16][c] in the British system. However, Scottish Barons on the European continent are considered and treated equal to European barons.
  • Laird is a Scottish hereditary feudal dignity ranking below a Scottish Baron but above an Esquire
  • Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from Squire and indicating the status of an attendant to a knight, an apprentice knight, or a manorial lord;[17] it ranks below Knight (or in Scotland below Laird) but above Gentleman[d][e]
  • Gentleman is the basic rank of gentry (ranking below Esquire), historically primarily associated with land; within British Commonwealth nations it is also roughly equivalent to some minor nobility of some continental European nations[18]
  • Bibi, means Miss in Urdu and is frequently used as a respectful title for women in South Asia when added to the given name
  • Lalla, is an Amazigh title of respect. The title is a prefix to her given name or personal name, and is used by females usually of noble or royal background.
  • Sidi, is a masculine title of respect, meaning "my master" in Darija and Egyptian Arabic.
  • Qanungoh Shaikh, are a clan of Muslim Shaikhs in Punjab, other parts of Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded to them by governmental entities. The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holder's suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its status within the nobility (Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized sovereign (e.g., the Fürst of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher title than Fürst). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.

In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[19]

Titles used by the Maratha Royals

The titles used by royalty, aristocracy & nobility of the Maratha Empire/

  • Chhatrapati: Chhatrapati is an Indian royal title most equivalent to a King. It means the 'Lord of the Parasol'[20] and is a title conferred upon the founder of Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji. The title is also used by Shivaji's descendants.
  • Maharaj: The English equivalent of Maharaj is great king. It is a title first conferred upon Chhatrapati Shivaji's father Shahaji Raje Bhosale by Adilshah.
  • Maharani: The English equivalent of Maharani is great queen. It is a title first used by Tarabai, as regent of marathas empire .
  • Raje: The English equivalent of Raje is Your Majesty. It is a title first conferred upon Chhatrapati Shivaji's grandfather Maloji Raje Bhosale
  • Kshatriya Kulavantas: It means 'The Head of the Kshatriya caste' and was a title first given to Chhatrapati Shivaji at the time of his coronation[21]
  • Sinhasanadheeshwar: It means 'the enthroned King' and was a title first given to Chhatrapati Shivaji at the time of his coronation[21]
  • Peshwa: It is a word of Persian origin and means 'Foremost' or 'the first minister'[22] or 'Premier' (or Prime Minister). It was a title given to the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire
  • Peshwin: The wife of a Peshwa[23]
  • Daria Sarang: It means the Chief or Admiral of the Mahratta Navy[24]
  • Sena Khas Khel: It means the Commander of the armies of the state. It is a designation created by the Peshwas of Pune and was conferred upon the Gaekwads of Vadodara[25]
  • Shamsher Bahadur: It is a title conferred upon the Maharajas of Baroda (the Gaekwads) and means a distinguished swordsman[26]

Corresponding titles of nobility between languages

Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and noble titles in various European countries. Quite often, a Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles, except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn how to address holders of these titles properly.

[inconsistent]  Emperor,
Empress 		King,
Queen 		Archduke,
Archduchess


Duke,
Duchess 		(Prince)-Elector,
Electress 		Prince,[f]
Princess 		Viceroy,
Vicereine 		Marquess/
Margrave,
Marchioness/
Margravine 		Earl/Count,
Countess 		Viscount,
Viscountess 		Baron,
Baroness 		Baronet[g]
Baronetess 		Knight[h],
Dame 		Esquire/Gentleman
Latin[i] Imperator/
Caesar,
Imperatrix/
Caesarina 		Rex,
Regina 		Archidux,
Archiducissa

Dux,
Ducissa 		Princeps Elector Princeps,
Principissa 		Prorex,
Proregina 		Marchio,
Marchionissa 		Comes,
Comitissa 		Vicecomes,
Vicecomitissa 		Baro,
Baronissa 		  Eques Nobilis Homo (N.H.)
Bulgarian ,
 ?,
? 		,
?,
? 		,
,
 ?,
? 		?-?,
?-? 		,
? 		?,
? 		,
,
?,
? 		,
?
Czech Císa?,
Císa?ovna 		Král,
Královna 		Arcivévoda,
Arcivévodkyn? 		Velkovévoda,
Velkovévodkyn? 		Vévoda,
Vévodkyn? 		Kurfi?t,
Kurfi?tka 		Kní?e,
Knna10		 Místokrál/Vicekrál
Místokrálovna/Vicekrálovna 		Markýz/Markrab?[j]
Markýza/Markrab?nka 		Hrab?,
Hrab?nka 		Vikomt,
Vikomtka/Vikomtesa 		Baron,
Baronka 		Baronet Rytí? Pán,
Paní
Danish Kejser,
Kejserinde 		Konge
Dronning 		Ærkehertug,
Ærkehertuginde 		Storhertug,
Storhertuginde 		Hertug,
Hertuginde 		Kurfyrste,
Kurfyrstinde 		Prins/Fyrste
Prinsesse/Fyrstinde 		Vicekonge,
Vicedronning 		Markis,
Markise 		Greve
Grevinde, Komtesse 		Vicegreve,
Vicegrevinde/
Vicekomtesse 		Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde 		Baronet,
Baronetesse 		Ridder Junker
Dutch Keizer,
Keizerin 		Koning,
Koningin 		Aartshertog,
Aartshertogin  		Groothertog,
Groothertogin 		Hertog,
Hertogin 		Keurvorst,
Keurvorstin 		Prins/Vorst,
Prinses/Vorstin 		Onderkoning,
Onderkoningin 		Markies/Markgraaf,
Markiezin/Markgravin 		Graaf,
Gravin 		Burggraaf,
Burggravin 		Baron,
Barones(se) 		Erfridder Ridder,

Jonkvrouw

Jonkheer,

Jonkvrouw

Finnish[k] Keisari,
Keisarinna (or Keisaritar, obsolete) 		Kuningas,
Kuningatar 		Arkkiherttua,
Arkkiherttuatar 		Suurherttua/Suuriruhtinas,
Suurherttuatar/Suuriruhtinatar 		Herttua,
Herttuatar 		Vaaliruhtinas,
Vaaliruhtinatar 		Prinssi/Ruhtinas,
Prinsessa/Ruhtinatar[l]		 Varakuningas,
Varakuningatar 		Markiisi/Rajakreivi,
Markiisitar/Rajakreivitär 		Jaarli/Kreivi,
Kreivitär[l]		 Varakreivi,
Varakreivitär 		Paroni, Vapaaherra,
Paronitar, Rouva/ Vapaaherratar[l]		 Baronetti, "Herra" (=fiefholder),
Herratar 		Aatelinen/Ritari[l]
style of wife: Rouva 		 
French Empereur,
Impératrice 		Roi,
Reine 		Archiduc, Archiduchesse Grand-Duc,
Grande-Duchesse 		Duc,
Duchesse 		Prince-électeur,
 Prince,[f]
Princesse 		Viceroi,
Vicereine 		Marquis,
Marquise 		Comte,
Comtesse 		Vicomte,
Vicomtesse 		Baron,
Baronne 		Baronnet Chevalier Ecuyer,
Gentilhomme
Armenian Shahanshah Arka Tagavor,
Taguhee 		Ishkhanats ishkhan Duc,
Duchesse 		Prince-électeur,
 Ishkhan,
Ishkhanooee 		Bdeshkh,
Bdeshkhooee 		Marquis,
Marquise 		Comte,
Comtesse 		Paronats Paron Paron Aznavour Asbed Azat
German Kaiser,
Kaiserin 		König,
Königin 		Erzherzog,
Erzherzogin 		Großherzog/
Großfürst,
Großherzogin/
Großfürstin 		Herzog,
Herzogin 		Kurfürst,
Kurfürstin 		Prinz/Fürst,
Prinzessin/Fürstin[m]		 Vizekönig,
Vizekönigin 		Markgraf,[n]
Markgräfin 		Graf,
Gräfin 		Vizegraf, Burggraf
Vizegräfin, Burggräfin 		Baron, Herr, Freiherr
Baronin, Frau, Freifrau, Freiin 		  Ritter Junker (Prussia), Edler (Austria),
Junkerin, Edle
Greek domestic ?,
,
A,
A 		,
,
E ,
A,
? 		,
,
? 		,
? 		B ? ?,
,
;
Hungarian Császár,
császárn? 		Király,
királyn? 		F?herceg,
f?hercegn? 		Nagyherceg, fejedelem, vajda
nagyhercegn?, fejedelemasszony, - 		Herceg,
hercegn? 		Választófejedelem,
(választófejedelemn?) 		Királyi herceg,
királyi hercegn? 		Alkirály,
alkirályn? 		Márki, ?rgróf
márkin?, ?rgrófn? 		Gróf
grófn? 		Várgróf, vikomt
Várgrófn? (vikomtn?) 		Báró,
bárón? 		Baronet,
baronetn? 		Lovag (vitéz[o]) Nemes,
nemesasszony
Icelandic Keisari,
keisarynja 		Konungur, kóngur,
drottning 		Erkihertogi,

Erkihertoginja

Stórhertogi,
stórhertogaynja 		Hertogi,
hertogaynja 		Kjörfursti,
kjörfurstynja 		Prins/fursti,
prinsessa/furstynja 		Vísikonungur,
vísidrottning 		Markgreifi,
markgreifynja 		Greifi, jarl
greifynja, jarlkona 		Vísigreifi,
vísigreifynja 		Barón, fríherra,
barónessa 		Riddari Aðalsmaður,
aðalskona
Italian Imperatore,
Imperatrice 		Re,
Regina 		Arciduca,
Arciduchessa 		Granduca,
Granduchessa 		Duca,
Duchessa 		Principe Elettore,
Principessa Electrice 		Principe,[f]
Principessa 		Viceré,
Viceregina 		Marchese,
Marchesa 		Conte,
Contessa 		Visconte,
Viscontessa 		Barone,
Baronessa 		Baronetto Cavaliere Nobile, Nobiluomo
Latvian Imperators/?eizars,
Imperatrise/?eizariene 		Karalis/ni,
Karaliene/ni?iene 		Erchercogs,
Erchercogiene 		Lielhercogs,
Lielhercogene 		Hercogs,
Hercogiene 		K?rfirsts,
K?rfirstiene 		Princis,
Princese 		Vicekaralis,
Vicekaraliene 		Markgr?fs/Marzs
Markgr?fiene/Marziene 		Gr?fs,
Gr?fiene 		Vikonts,
Vikontese 		Barons,
Baronese 		Baronets Bru?inieks,
Bru?iniece 		Di?cilt?gais/Augstdzimu?ais,
Di?cilt?g?/
Augstdzimus?
Lithuanian Imperatorius,
Imperatorien? 		Karalius,
Karalien? 		Kunigaik?tis,
Kunigaik?tien? 		Didysis kunigaik?tis,
Did?ioji kunigaik?tien? 		Hercogas,
Hercogien? 		Princas,
Princes? 		Vicekaralius,
Vicekaralien? 		Markizas,
Markizien? 		Grafas,
Grafien? 		Vikontas,
Vikontien? 		Baronas/Freiheras,
Baronien?/Freifrau 		Baronetas,

Baronet?

Riteris Skvairas, D?entelmenas

Ponas, Ponia

Luxembourgish Keeser,
Keeserin 		Kinnek,
Kinnigin 		Erzherzog,
Erzherzogin 		Groussherzog,
Groussherzogin 		Herzog,
Herzogin 		Kuerfierscht,
Kuerfierschtin 		Prënz/Fierscht,
Prënzessin/Fierschtin 		Vizekinnek,
Vizekinnigin 		Markgrof/Marquis,
Markgrofin/Marquise 		Grof,
Grofin/Comtesse 		Vizegrof/Vicomte,
Vizegrofin/Vicomtesse 		Baron,
Baroness(e) 		Ritter
Maltese Imperatur,
Imperatri?i 		Re/Sultan,
Re?ina/Sultana 		Ar?iduka,
Ar?idukessa 		Gran Duka,
Gran Dukessa 		Duka,
Dukessa 		Prin?ep Elettur,
Prin?ipessa Elettri?i 		Prin?ep,
Prin?ipessa 		Vi?irè,
Vi?ire?ina 		Marki?,
Marki?a 		Konti,
Kontessa 		Viskonti,
Viskontessa 		Baruni,
Barunessa 		Barunett Kavallier  
Norwegian Keiser,
Keiserinne 		Konge,
Dronning 		Erkehertug,
Erkehertuginne 		Storhertug,
Storhertuginne 		Hertug,
Hertuginne 		Kurfyrste,
Kurfyrstinne 		Prins/Fyrste,
Prinsesse/Fyrstinne 		Visekonge,
Visedronning 		Marki,
Markise 		Jarl / Greve,
Grevinne 		Vikomte/Visegreve,
Visegrevinne 		Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde 		  Ridder Adelsmann,
Adelskvinne
Polish[p] Cesarz,
Cesarzowa 		Król,
Królowa 		Arcyksi
Arcyksina 		Wielki Ksi,
Wielka Ksina 		Diuk (Ksi),
(Ksina) 		Ksi Elektor,
Ksina Elektorowa 		Ksi,
Ksina 		Wicekról,
Wicekrólowa 		Markiz/Margrabia,
Markiza/Margrabina 		Hrabia,
Hrabina 		Wicehrabia,
Wicehrabina 		Baron,
Baronowa 		Baronet Rycerz/ Kawaler Szlachcic
Portuguese Imperador,
Imperatriz 		Rei,
Rainha 		Arquiduque,
Arquiduquesa; 		Grão-Duque,
Grã-Duquesa 		Duque,
Duquesa 		Príncipe-Eleitor,
Princesa-Eleitora; 		Príncipe,
Princesa 		Vice-rei,
Vice-rainha 		Marquês,
Marquesa 		Conde,
Condessa[q]		 Visconde,
Viscondessa 		Barão,
Baronesa 		Baronete,
Baronetesa; 		Cavaleiro Fidalgo
Romanian Împ?rat,
Împ?r?teas? 		Rege,
Regina 		Arhiduce,
Arhiduces? 		Mare Duce,
Mare Duces? 		Duce,
Duces? 		Prin? Elector,
Prin?esa Electora 		Prin?,
Prin?esa 		Vicerege,
Viceregina 		Marchiz,
Marchiza 		Conte,
Contes? 		Viconte,
Vicontes? 		Baron,
Baroneas?, Baron? 		Baronet Cavaler
Russian /?(Imperator/Tsar),

/(Imperatritsa/Tsaritsa)

/?

(Koról/Tsar),
/

(Koroléva/Tsaritsa)

(Ertsgertsog),
(Ertsgertsoginya) 		? (Velikiy Knyaz),
? ? (Velikaya Kniagina) 		(Gertsog),
(Gertsoginya) 		? (Kurfyurst),
? (Kurfyurstina) 		(Kniaz),
? (Kniagina)[r]		 ?- (Vitse-koról),
?- (Vitse-koroléva) 		(Markiz),
? (Markiza),

(Boyar),
? (Boyarina)[r]

 ? (Graf),
? (Grafinya)[r]		 (Vikont),
? (Vikontessa) 		(Baron),
(Baronessa) 		? (Baronet) (Rytsar),

? (Dama)

(Gospodin),

? (Gospozha)

Serbian Car,
Carica 		Kralj,
Kraljica 		Nadvojvoda/
Herceg,
Nadvojvodkinja/
Hercoginja 		Veliki vojvoda,
Velika vojvodkinja 		Vojvoda,
Vojvodkinja 		Princ,
Princeza 		Knez,
Kneginja 		Ban,
Vicereine 		Markiz,
Markiza 		Grof,
Grofica 		Vikont,
Vikontica 		Baron,
Baronica/
Baronesa 		Barunet,
Baruneta 		Vitez Gospodin
Spanish Emperador,
Emperatriz 		Rey,
Reina 		Archiduque,
Archiduquesa 		Gran Duque,
Gran Duquesa 		Duque,
Duquesa 		Príncipe Elector,
Princesa Electora; 		Príncipe,[f]
Princesa 		Virrey,
Virreina 		Marqués,
Marquesa 		Conde,
Condesa 		Vizconde,
Vizcondesa 		Barón,
Baronesa 		Baronet Caballero Escudero, Hidalgo
Slovak Cisár,
Cisárovná 		Krá?,
Krá?ovná 		Arcivojvoda,
Arcivojvodky?a 		Ve?kovojvoda,
Ve?kovojvodky?a 		Vojvoda,
Vojvodky?a 		Kurfirst/
Knie?a volite?/
Knie?a voli? 		Knie?a,
K?a?ná 		Miestokrá?/Vicekrá? Markíz,
Markíza 		Gróf,
Grófka 		Vikomt,
Vikontesa 		Barón,
Barónka 		Baronet Rytier  
Slovene Cesar,
Cesarica 		Kralj,
Kraljica 		Nadvojvoda,
Nadvojvodinja 		Veliki vojvoda,
Velika vojvodinja 		Vojvoda,
Vojvodinja 		Volilni knez,
Volilna kneginja 		Knez,
Kneginja 		Podkralj,
Podkraljica 		Markiz/Mejni grof,
Markiza/Mejna grofica 		Grof,
Grofica 		Vikont,
Vikontinja 		Baron,
Baronica 		Baronet,
Baronetinja 		Vitez Oproda
Swedish Kejsare,
Kejsarinna 		Kung,
Drottning 		Ärkehertig,
ärkehertiginna 		Storhertig/Storfurste,
Storhertiginna/Storfurstinna 		Hertig,
hertiginna 		Kurfurste
Kurfurstinna 		Prins/Furste,
Prinsessa/Furstinna[l]		 Vicekung,
Vicedrottning 		Markis/markgreve,
markisinna/markgrevinna[l]		 Greve,
Grevinna 		Vicomte,
Vicomtessa 		Baron, Herre, Friherre,
Baronessa, Fru, Friherreinde 		  Riddare/Frälseman,
Dam/Fru[l]		  
Turkish Padishah, Hakan, Sulnü's-Seln Sultan, Han Khedive, Pasha Pasha, Beylerbey,
Beylerbayan 		Bey,
Bayan 		- ?ehzade,
Han?msultan 		Vezir - - - Timariot,
Timariota 		Timar ?övalye Bey, Efendi
Persian ?âhan?âh,

?ahrbânu

?âh,
?ahbânu 		_,

_

Khan-i-Khanan,

Khatun Bozorg

Khan,

Khatun

Entexâbgare ?âhpur,

Entexâbgare ?âhdoxt,

?âhpur,

?âhdoxt

Jâne?in Mârki,

Mârkiz

Kont,

Kontes

Vikont,

Vikontes

Barun,

Barunes

Barunet,

Bârunetes

?ovâlye Agha, Khanum
Ukrainian / (Imperator/Tsar),
/ (Imperatrytsia/Tsarytsia) 		/ (Koról/Tsar),
/ (Koroléva/Tsarytsia) 		/ (Ertshertsoh/Arkheknyaz),
/ (Ertshertsohynia/Arkhikniahynia) 		? (Velykyi Knyaz),
? (Velyka Kniahynia) 		/ (Hertsoh/Diuk),
/? (Hertsohynia/Diuchessa) 		(Kurfyurst),
(Kurfyurstyna) 		/ (Knyaz/Printz),
?/ (Kniahynia/Pryntsessa) 		?- (Vitse-koról),
?- (Vitse-koroléva) 		/? (Markiz/Boyar),
?/? (Markiza/Boyaryna) 		? (Hraf),
? (Hrafynia) 		(Vikont),
? (Vikontessa) 		(Baron),
(Baronessa) 		? (Baronet) (Lytsar) / (Pan/Hospodar),
?/ (Pani/Hospodynia)
Welsh Ymerawdwr,
Ymerodres 		Brenin,
Brenhines 		Archddug,
Archdduges 		Archddug,
Archdduges 		Dug,
Duges 		  Tywysog,
Tywysoges 		Marcwis/Ardalydd,
Ardalyddes 		Iarll/Cownt,
Iarlles/Cowntes 		Iarll,
Iarlles 		Barwn,
Barwnes 		Barwnig,
Barwniges 		Marchog  

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Loss of sovereignty or fief does not necessarily lead to loss of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of fiefs has changed from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
  2. ^ A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.
  3. ^ There are actually three Scottish dignities that are types of a Scottish Baron; these are (in descending order of rank): Scottish feudal Earl, Scottish Feudal Lord, and Scottish feudal Baron (the general name for the dignity listed above among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
  4. ^ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains) quite diffuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
  5. ^ In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.
  6. ^ a b c d "Prince" (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in Finnish, "Principe" in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held exclusively by members of the royal family.
  7. ^ Does not confer nobility in the British system.
  8. ^ Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British system. See also squire and esquire.
  9. ^ Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not accurately reflect their medieval counterparts.
  10. ^ The title Markýz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrab? (the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to a few historical territories (including the former marches on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
  11. ^ Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi, Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas, Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as official titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland, though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudally-based privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and fiefs were common in the late medieval and early modern eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was that of the "Aatelinen" (i.e. "noble").
  12. ^ a b c d e f g No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate. However, noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917 (there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was "Aatelinen", or "noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a title).
  13. ^ In central Europe, the title of Fürst or kní?e (e.g. Fürst von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g. Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and Edler were not commonly used.
  14. ^ In the German system by rank approximately equal to Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
  15. ^ The "vitéz" title was introduced in Hungary after 1920. In preceding ages simply meant a warrior or a courageous man.
  16. ^ In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen, no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply Polish translations of western titles which were granted to some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after the partitions. Instead of hereditary titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on offices held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
  17. ^ In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of the kingdom" (Portuguese: Grandes do Reino) was called a "baron with grandness" (Portuguese: Barão com Grandeza) or "viscount with grandness" (Portuguese: Visconde com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as equal to a count.
  18. ^ a b c For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was added.

References

  1. ^ According to: https://www.infoplease.com/whos-who-monarchy ,
  2. ^ The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Vaman Shivaram Apte
  3. ^ A Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Apte
  4. ^ Esta institucion (Cabecería de Barangay), mucho más antigua que la sujecion de las islas al Gobierno, ha merecido siempre las mayores atencion. En un principio eran las cabecerías hereditarias, y constituian la verdadera hidalguía del país; mas del dia, si bien en algunas provincias todavía se tramiten por sucesion hereditaria, las hay tambien eleccion, particularmente en las provincias más inmediatas á Manila, en donde han perdido su prestigio y son una verdadera carga. En las provincias distantes todavía se hacen respetar, y allí es precisamente en donde la autoridad tiene ménos que hacer, y el órden se conserva sin necesidad de medidas coercitivas; porque todavía existe en ellas el gobierno patriarcal, por el gran respeto que la plebe conserva aún á lo que llaman aquí principalía. (Translation: This institution (Cabecera de Barangay), much older than the fastening of the islands to the Government, has always deserved the most attention. In the beginning they were the hereditary heads, and they constituted the true chivalry of the country; but of the day, although in some provinces they are still transacted by hereditary succession, there are also elections, particularly in the provinces closest to Manila, where they have lost their prestige and are a real burden. In the distant provinces they are still enforced, and that is precisely where authority has less to do, and the order is preserved without the need for coercive measures; because the patriarchal government still exists in them, because of the great respect that the plebs still retain for what they call here principalía.FERRANDO.) FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870-1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa (Vol. 1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra. OCLC 9362749.
  5. ^ L'institution des chefs de barangay a été empruntée aux Indiens chez qui on la trouvée établie lors de la conquête des Philippines; ils formaient, à cette époque une espèce de noblesse héréditaire. L'hérédité leur a été conservée aujourd hui: quand une de ces places devient vacante, la nomination du successeur est faite par le surintendant des finances dans les pueblos qui environnent la capitale, et, dans les provinces éloignées, par l'alcalde, sur la proposition du gobernadorcillo et la présentation des autres membres du barangay; il en est de même pour les nouvelles créations que nécessite de temps à autre l'augmentation de la population. Le cabeza, sa femme et l'aîné de ses enfants sont exempts du tributo. MALLAT de BASSILAU, Jean (1846). Les Philippines: Histoire, géographie, moeurs. Agriculture, industrie et commerce des Colonies espagnoles dans l'Océanie (2 vols) (in French). Paris: Arthus Bertrand Éd. ISBN 978-1143901140. OCLC 23424678, p. 356.
  6. ^ Harriet Crawford(TM) (29 August 2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-136-21912-2.
  7. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p21-22
  8. ^ Indian Epigraphical Dictionary Page 166 Accessed at https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC&pg=PA166&dq=indian+epigraphical+pillai+prince&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHpO3DvuTQAhWpBcAKHRzwDSIQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=indian%20epigraphical%20pillai%20prince&f=false
  9. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 2, p. 106.
  10. ^ "Esta institucion (Cabecería de Barangay), mucho más antigua que la sujecion de las islas al Gobierno, ha merecido siempre las mayores atencion. En un principio eran las cabecerías hereditarias, y constituian la verdadera hidalguía del país; mas del dia, si bien en algunas provincias todavía se tramiten por sucesion hereditaria, las hay tambien eleccion, particularmente en las provincias más inmediatas á Manila, en donde han perdido su prestigio y su una verdadera carga. En las provincias distantes todavía se hacen respetar, y allí es precisamente en donde la autoridad tiene ménos que hacer, y el órden se conserva sin necesidad de medidas coercitivas; porque todavía existe en ellas el gobierno patriarcal, por el gran respeto que la plebe conserva aún á lo que llaman aquí principalía." FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870-1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa, (Vol. 1 of 6 vols, in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra, p. 61.
  11. ^ Durante la dominación española, el cacique, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de don y se reconocía capacidad para ser gobernadorcillo, con facultades para nombrarse un auxiliar llamado primogenito, siendo hereditario el cargo de jefe. Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. VII. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S.A. 1921, p. 624.
  12. ^ Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Terry, Janice; Holoka, Jim; Goff, Richard; Cassar, George H. (2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History. I. California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc. p. 329. ISBN 9781111345167.
  13. ^ Szilágyi, László (1938). Székely Primor Családok. Budapest. p. 17.
  14. ^ Ger?, József (1938). A M. Kir. Belügyminiszter által igazolt nemesek 1867-1937. Budapest: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom of Hungary. pp. 5-30.
  15. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p. 22 & vol 2, p. 198.
  16. ^ Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
  17. ^ Dodd, Charles R. (1843) A manual of dignities, privilege, and precedence: including lists of the great public functionaries, from the revolution to the present time, London: Whittaker & Co., pp.248,251 [1]
  18. ^ Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall. Retrieved 2013.
  19. ^ "RIS Dokument". bka.gv.at.
  20. ^ Alain Daniélou (11 February 2003). A Brief History of India. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 257-. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3.
  21. ^ a b "Chhatrapati Shivaji".
  22. ^ Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1 January 1953). Sivaji and the rise of the mahrattas. Susil Gupta.
  23. ^ Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C.; Teltscher, Kate (13 June 2013). Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199601134.
  24. ^ Sardesai, HS. Shivaji, the Great Maratha, Volume 3. Cosmo Publications. p. 649.
  25. ^ The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive. 1 January 1933.
  26. ^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-baroda.html
  27. ^ Singh, Ravindra Pratap (1 January 1987). Geography and Politics in Central India: A Case Study of Erstwhile Indore State. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170220251.
  28. ^ a b The Golden Book of India.
  29. ^ Social Science. FK Publications. 1 January 2006. ISBN 9788179730423.
  30. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (1 January 2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 9788177552577.
  31. ^ a b A Comprehensive History of Medieval India.
  32. ^ Copeman, Jacob; Ikegame, Aya (1 January 2012). The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9780415510196.
  33. ^ "The Central India State Gazetteer Series".
  34. ^ Madan, T.N. (1988). Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. ISBN 9788120805279. Retrieved 2015.
  35. ^ "pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the ... - Robert Vane Russell - Google Books".
  36. ^ "Caste, Conflict and Ideology".
  37. ^ "Poona in the eighteenth century".
  38. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1 January 1992). Fall of the Mughal Empire. Sangam. ISBN 9780861317493.

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