Yale | |||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||
Cantonese Yale | Yèh-lóuh | ||||||||||
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This article is part of the series on the |
Cantonese language |
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Yue Chinese |
Grammar |
Orthography |
Phonology |
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952[1] but later published in 1958.[2] Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [p?] is represented as p.[3] Students attending The Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.[4]
b ? |
p ? |
m ? |
f ? |
|
d ? |
t ? |
n ? |
l ? | |
g ? |
k ? |
ng ? |
h ? |
|
gw [k?] ? |
kw [k] ? |
w ? | ||
j ? |
ch ? |
s ? |
y ? |
a ? |
aai [a:i?] ? |
aau [a:u?] ? |
aam [a:m] ? |
aan [a:n] ? |
aang [a:?] ? |
aap [a:p?] ? |
aat [a:t?] ? |
aak [a:k?] ? |
ai [?i?] ? |
au [?u?] ? |
am [?m] ? |
an [?n] ? |
ang [] ? |
ap [?p?] ? |
at [?t?] ? |
ak [?k?] ? | |
e ? |
ei [ei?] ? |
eng [?:?] ? |
ek [?:k?] ? | |||||
i ? |
iu [i:u?] ? |
im [i:m] ? |
in [i:n] ? |
ing [] ? |
ip [i:p?] ? |
it [i:t?] ? |
ik [?k] ? | |
o ? |
oi [?:y?] ? |
ou [ou?] ? |
on [?:n] ? |
ong [?:?] ? |
ot [?:t?] ? |
ok [?:k?] ? | ||
u ? |
ui [u:y?] ? |
un [u:n] ? |
ung [] ? |
ut [u:t?] ? |
uk [?k] ? | |||
eu ? |
eui [?y?] ? |
eun [?n] ? |
eung [oe:?] ? |
eut [?t?] ? |
euk [oe:k?] ? | |||
yu ? |
yun [y:n] ? |
yut [y:t?] ? |
||||||
m ? |
ng ? |
Modern Cantonese has up to seven phonemic tones. Cantonese Yale represents these tones using a combination of diacritics and the letter h.[5][6] Traditional Chinese linguistics treats the tones in syllables ending with a stop consonant as separate "entering tones". Cantonese Yale follows modern linguistic conventions in treating these the same as the high-flat, mid-flat and low-flat tones, respectively.
No. | Description | IPA & Chao tone numbers |
Yale representation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | high-flat | ? 55 | s? | s?n | s?k |
high-falling | 52 | sì | sìn | ||
2 | mid-rising | 25 | sí | sín | |
3 | mid-flat | ? 33 | si | sin | sik |
4 | low-falling | 21 | sìh | sìhn | |
5 | low-rising | 23 | síh | síhn | |
6 | low-flat | ? 22 | sih | sihn | sihk |
Traditional | Simplified | Romanization |
---|---|---|
Gwóngjàuwá | ||
Yuhtyúh | ||
Néih hóu |
Sample transcription of one of the 300 Tang Poems by Meng Haoran:
Ch?un híu Maahng Houh-yìhn | |
---|---|
, | Ch?un mìhn b?t gok híu, |
chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh. | |
, | yeh lòih f?ng yúh s?ng, |
f? lohk j? d? síu? |